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METHOD 


1 1 


OF 


FUNCTIONAL WRITING 


y 

¥ 

A 

A 

IX 
1 1 


FOR USE IN 


Public and Private Schools 


TEACHERS’ MANUAL' 

See Index, page 73, and Description 
on Back Cover 


! 


v 

f 


LA 


BY 




H. C. WALKER 

Supervisor of Writing 

St. Louis Public Schools 


MHRBSBffiiilWHHBBBHMSinSfisg 


Copyright 1919 by 
Board of Education. St. Louis, Mo. 


Published by 
Walker Publishing Co., 

506 Howard Bldg., St. Louis. Mo. 







a 
























1 


* I 













































* 


























* 



















INTRODUCTION. 


T HE Unit Plan described in this Manual has been thoroughly tested 
and its merits determined. 

In school systems having supervision, the supervisor may classify 
and promote the children. Systems having no supervision may make 
arrangements with the Walker Publishing Company, through its Service 
Department, to supervise the work of the teachers, and classify and 
promote the children, from specimens sent to the Department. 

Advantages of the Unit Plan. The use of the Unit Plan makes all 
teachers equally responsible for maintaining a given standard, and 
enables them to concentrate their efforts on a limited part of the course 
in penmanship. 

2. The grouping together of pupils having the same difficulties 
makes it possible to economize time by focusing attention on these 
difficulties. 

3. Pupils who have attained the standard in penmanship required 
may temporarily be excused from practice, and thus have an oppor¬ 
tunity to give extra attention to the subjects in which they are rela¬ 
tively deficient. 

4. Promotion from one unit room to another, which is fundamental 
in the plan, stimulates the pupil’s ambition to excel. 

5. It need not conflict with the departmental organization of the 
school. In schools where the departmental plan is used, the unit plan 
may be introduced by having each teacher teach penmanship in addition 
to her other subjects. Such an arrangement will produce good results 
in writing and furnish the needed supervision of the daily written work 
of the children. 


F ROM the results obtained under the Unit Plan in the St. Louis 
Schools, it seems reasonable to believe that, after a few terms of 
use the percentage of poor writers among the eighth grade gradu¬ 
ates will be very small, and that there will be little need for these 
children to continue the practice of penmanship in the high school. 

The Unit Plan is recommended for use in all school buildings where 
conditions for its use can be made favorable. However, it is not neces¬ 
sary for the children to change rooms in order to follow this Course 
of Study. 

Where this Course is used without changing rooms the teacher 
may either give all her pupils the same subject matter from any of the 
seven Outlines of the Course, or she may classify her pupils in the room 
and, on different days, teach the various groups from the Outlines best 
suited to their needs. 








THE UNIT PLAN 


for 

Penmanship Practice 


A Plan by which the Pupils are Graded in Penmanship, independent 
of their grading in other subjects. 

T HE usual way of conducting a writing lesson, by having all the children 
of a room practice the same subject matter, has long been regarded as 
unsatisfactory. It not only places the teacher at a disadvantage, but it 
is responsible for a needless waste of time by a large number of the pupils. 


No matter how skillful and efficient the teacher may be, she cannot 
present subject matter for practice which will benefit all the pupils of her 
class, if these pupils represent training ranging from a few days to several 
years. For those who do not derive benefit, the writing period is a waste of 
time. 

Lack of uniformity of results in penmanship is due principally to two 
causes: 

1. The tendency of some children to progress more rapidly than 
others. This may' be due (1) to the fact that the subject matter of the 
lessons has been more fully adapted to the needs of some pupils than 
of others; (2) to native talent; or (3) to the degree of interest shown 
shown in the subject. 

2. The presence of 'outside pupils who enter our schools at all 
times of the year. 


The Unit Plan here described is designed to avoid waste of time in pen¬ 
manship practice, to simplify the instruction and supervision, and to stimulate 
interest in writing among the pupils. 

That it accomplishes these and other benefits has been shown by a series 
of experiments recently conducted by the St. Louis Public Schools. 


2 ©GI.A525449 


MAY 12 1919 


Description of the Unit Plan. A unit is a group of rooms in which the 
pupils are classified according to their skill in penmanship. It may be com¬ 
posed of two, three, or four rooms. The several rooms of the unit have 
writing at the same time. For example, in a three-room unit the best writers 
go to one room; the average writers, to another; and the poorest writers, 
to another. 

Proper subject matter is assigned to each group and the pupils are pro¬ 
moted and demoted according to the results they produce. 

The three-room grouping in a twelve-room school is here used to illus¬ 
trate the operation of the unit plan. 

Rooms 1, 2, and 3, representing 7th and 8th grades, compose Unit 1. 
Rooms 4, 5, and 6, representing 5th and 6th grades, compose Unit 2. Rooms 7, 
8, and 9, representing 3rd and 4th grades, compose Unit 3. The first and 
second grades are not included in the unit plan of practice. 

Each unit is independent of the other units and the plan in all the units 
is the same as that here illustrated and described. 

Illustration 1. 

Room 2, Class 1. 

Upper Intermediate 

EE DUR5E 

ooooooo 
ooooooo 
ooooooo 
ooooooo 
ooooooo 
ooooooo 
ooooooo 

LJ Vacant £eats 

O Classified pupils 

This drawing shows the seating at the time of organization. The method 
of classifying the children is described on pages 5 and 6. 

Class 1 is in Room 2; class 2, in Room 3; class 3, in Room 1. In classify¬ 
ing pupils, Room 1 should be reserved for the poorest writers and for those 
who by promotion may be advanced from Room 2 to the exemption class. 
When possible it will be well to make the elementary class of Room 1 smaller 
than the other classes, so that the teacher may give individual aid to the 
pupils of this class. 


Room 3, Class 2. 

Lower Intermediate 

EDUR5E 


OOOOOOO 

OOOOOOO 

OOOOOOO 

ooooooo 

ooooooo 

ooooooo 

ooooooo 


Room 1, Class 3. 
IlEMENTARV COURSE 


oooo 
oooo 
oooo 
oooo 
□ oooo 
ooooo 
ooooo 


—3- 













Room 1, Ex. Class & Class 3. 

Elementary Course 


Illustration 2. 

Room 2, Class 1. 

Upper Intermediate 

BOURSE 


Room 3, Class 2. 

Lower Intermediate 

GO UR5E 


0©G 

D0©0 


OOOOOOO 


ooooooo 

©©□ 

GO©© 


o©o©o©o 


o© o ©o © o 

© © □ 

□o©o 


OOOOOOO 


ooooooo 

©□□ 

GO©© 


ooooooo 


o©o©o@® 

©na 

LGO0O 


ooooooo 


ooooooo 

©□□ 

G O © O 


0©0©Q©0 


o©o©o©o 

©□□ 

QGOO 


ooooooo 


ooooooo 


(•V Exempt Pupils O Average pupils 

CJ Vacant Seats © Candidates for promotion 

Promotions at stated times are made in the way explained on page 6. 
Illustration 2 shows the seating after the first promotion. Ten pupils 
are here taken as an example of the number promoted. 

The exemption pupils, seated on the left hand side of Room 1, temporarily 
excused from penmanship practice, are permitted to use the writing time as 
a study period, or for supplementary reading. There is little probability that 
the writing of these pupils will deteriorate, because to remain in the Exemp¬ 
tion Class, they must keep their daily writing up to a satisfactory standard. 

Illustration 3. 

Room 2, Class 2. 


Room 1, Class 1. 
Advanced Course 


Upper Intermediate 


Room 3, Class 3. 

Lower Intermediate 


EOUR! 


©000 
©00© 
©00© 
©00© 
©©©©□□□ 
©©©©©□□ 
©©©©©□LG 


ooooooo 

o©o©o©o 

ooooooo 

o©o©o©o 

ooooooo 

o©o©o©o 

ooooooo 


ooooooo 

oeo©o 0 o 

ooooooo 

o©o©o©o 

ooooooo 

o©o©o©o 

ooooooo 


© Exempt Pupils © Candidates for promotion 
O Average Pupils Lj Vacant Seats 

This drawing shows the rooms of the unit after the third promotion. The 
Elementary Class is eliminated and the pupils of the Exemption Class are 
ready to take up advanced penmanship practice. 

Class 1 is now in Room 1; Class 2, in Room 2; Class 3 in Room 3. The 
rooms will retain this order until the end of the school year. 


—4— 





















Room 1, Class 1. 
Advanced Bourse 


OOOOOOO 

0©0©0©0 

OOOOOOO 

0©0©0©0 

OOOOOOO 

o©o©o©o 

0006000 


O Averaqe Pupils 
© Candidates for Promotion 


Illustration 4. 

Room 2, Class 2. 
Upper. Interhedi ate 

SOU RSE 


OOOOOOO 

o©o©o©o 

OOOOOOO 

o©o©o©o 

OOOOOOO 

o©o©o©o 

OOO0OOO 


© Exempt Pupils 
LJ Vacant <§eats 


Room 3, Class 3. 


Lower In ter mediate 

eouRSE 


o©on 

no© 

,o©on 

□ 0© 

©©on 

□ ©© 

o©©n 

□ □© 

©©O L i 

□ □© 

O © O G 

□•[]© 

o©nn 

n n © 




When the seats of Room 1 are filled a second Exemption Class is formed in 
Room 3. If this condition arises at all it will be found late in the school 
year, and the members of the Exemption Class may then be excused for the 
remainder of the term. 

It will be seen that this plan precludes the possibility of congestion and 
that only those who can afford to do without the writing practice are exempted 
from it. 

Owing to the varying sizes of desks, two-room units are suggested for 
buildings of eight rooms or less; three-room units for buildings of from nine 
to eighteen rooms; four-room units, for buildings of eighteen rooms or more. 

When possible the units should be formed so as to avoid making it nec¬ 
essary for the children to pass from one floor to another. 

On a floor of five rooms, a three-room unit and a two-room unit may be 
organized, and on a floor of seven rooms, a four-room unit and a three-room 
unit may be formed. 

Assignment of Work to the Unit Teachers. On the following pages is given 
a series of Outlines graded from elementary subject matter in Outline 1 to 
advanced subject matter in Outline 7. The supervisor, or the Service Depart¬ 
ment will assign an outline to each teacher of the unit rooms. 

Classification of the Pupils. After the principal has decided upon the 
number of units and the number of rooms to each unit, he should have the 
children of these rooms prepare specimens comprising the following sub¬ 
ject matter, all the children of the unit writing the following matter: 


















1. On one side of the practice sheet should be written: 

(a) The heading, including the room number, (it is important to have 
each child write his room number on his paper because, in classi¬ 
fying, the papers of the different rooms are mixed and later 
assorted according to the room numbers in the heading). 

(b) One line of the continuous two-space oval. 

(c) In Unit 1, the paragraph on page 36 of Manual No. 2; in Unit 2, 
the paragraph on page 28 of Manual I; in Unit 3, the sentence 
on page 15 of Manual 1, written six times; in Unit 4, the sentence, 
“O, come see our room,” written six times. 

2. On the other side of the practice sheet should be written: 

In Unit 1, the alphabet of capitals shown in the back of the 
pupil’s manual. 

In Unit 2, one line of each capital letter from A to M. • 

In Unit 3, three lines of each of the capitals, O, A, C, and S. 

In Unit 4, six lines of capital O’s 

While these specimens are being prepared the teacher should place a 
check mark near the names of the pupils whose position and movement are 
exceptionally good, and a cross mark near the names of those whose position 
and movement are poor. The papers of pupils who are average in these fea¬ 
tures should not be marked. Care should be used in marking the specimens. 

The supervisor, or the Service Department, will classify the pupils from 
the specimens written. 

Regular Unit Promotions. Promotions during the school term are made 
from one room of a unit to another, but not from one unit to another. On a 
specified day of the month the supervisor, or the Service Department, will 
determine which of the pupils should be promoted. 

The Basis of Promotion. The pupil’s ability to write will be judged 
from three standpoints: 

First. His manner of writing in practice work. 

Second. The result in form of letters, spacing, slant, quality of line, etc. 

Third. His skill in daily writing. 

1. The Correct Manner of Writing. The correct manner of writing con¬ 
sists in the use of good position of body, paper, and hand, free muscular 
movement, and a useful rate of speed. These features are illustrated and 
explained in this book, pages 11 to 19, inclusive. 

2. The Result in Form, Slant, etc. Standards of pupils’ writing are 
shown on the Grading Cards. These cards, together with the Outlines with 
which they should be used, are named below: 


—6— 


The Grading Card. 



The light surface iu the accom¬ 
panying drawing is the Grading. 
Card. The two rectangular out¬ 
lines represent openings in the 
card through which the speci¬ 
men being graded may be seen, 
and compared with the standard 
writing on the card, represented 
here by rows of dots. By arrang¬ 
ing the specimen as is described 
on page 8, two kinds of matter at 
a time may be graded. 


Card 4—Outline 4 
Card 5—Outline 5 
Card 6—Outline 6 
Card 7—Outline 7 


Card lb—Outline 1 

Card la—Outline 1 

Card 2—Outline 2 — 

Card 3—Outline 3 

In addition to qualifying in form, it is important that the pupil use 
a speed equal to that given on the grading card. 

The grading cards should be in the possession of the teacher, and, once a 
week or once in two weeks, used by the pupils for determining the quality of 
their writing. The aim should be to teach the pupils to make their writing 
as good as the specimen on the grading card, or better, rather than in every 
respect like it. 

3. Skill in Daily Writing. The purpose of the writing lesson is to lead 
the children to develop a healthful posture of body and acquire a useful and 
pleasing handwriting for use in all written work. Read Article 19 page 70. 

In recommending pupils for promotion the teacher should give a test in 
daily writing. In rooms working from Outlines 1 and 2, easy spelling words 
should be dictated to the pupils, and in rooms working from the other out¬ 
lines an original composition on the topic of a recent reading, geography, 
or other lesson should be written. The quality of the writing and the smooth¬ 
ness of line should be equal to that shown on the grading card. 

Irregular Promotions. At the end of the term in January and June, some 
of the children are advanced to new units through the school promotions. 
The principal and teacher may classify these pupils for unit practice. 

In case of unusual progress, or to relieve congestion, the teachers may 
promote their best writers at any time. It is important also to send to a 
lower room any pupils for whom the subject matter is too difficult. The 
chief value of the unit plan consists in the possibility of placing each pupil 
where he can derive the greatest benefit from the practice. To fait to do 
this is an injustice to the child. 


—7— 

























The Progress Booklet. Sheets of durable paper inches in size 

are kept in stock. When folded the sheet forms a booklet for mounting pupils’ 
specimens. 

The purpose of the booklet is to aid in determining from month to month 
the pupil’s progress and the kind of subject matter most needed in his prac¬ 
tice. 



At the time of classification, attach to the left hand inside page of the 
booklet the specimen by which the pupil was classified. Then, once a month, 
a few days before unit promotion day have the children write the following 
described specimen for the progress booklet. 

1. On one side of the practice sheet should be written: 

(a) The heading, including the number of the unit room and the class 
(as Class A or Class B). 

(b) Two lines of the two-space continuous oval. 

(c) Three lines of capitals arranged as on the grading card. 

2. On the other side of the practice sheet should be written: 

(a) The sentence or paragraph given on the grading card written four 
times. 

(b) Spelling words (the pupils have not practiced), or an original 
composition, as described in paragraph 3, page 7. 

The purpose of this arrangement is to admit of grading two kinds of 
subject matter at a time, as the use of the grading card will show. 

In writing this test specimen, all the kinds of subject matter given on 
the grading card should be represented. 

Attach the specimens to the right and left sides of the booklet, that of 
the first month to the right hand page; that of the second month to the left 
hand page, and so on. The paste should be applied to the upper and low^er 
left hand corners of the specimen so that it may be turned back as the page? 
of a book. 


—8— 










GENERAL STATEMENTS. 


In school systems where the allotment, of time for penmanship practice 
is fifteen minutes a day or less, it would be well to have two thirty or thirty- 
five minute lessons a week rather than a lesson of shorter duration each day. 

The pupils who are excused temporarily from practice may serve as demon¬ 
strators or “helpers’’ in the elementary, or intermediate rooms of the unit. 

General Statements Concerning Promotions. Any day of the month may 
be unit promotion day. At this time about ten of the best writers of each 
unit class will be promoted to the next higher class. While the number given 
is only suggestive, from experience it seems in most cases to be proper. At 
any rate the number to be promoted should be approximately the same in all 
the rooms of the unit so that the seating may be cared for. 

In promoting, the pupil's ability to meet the test of functional or daily 
writing as well as his skill in formal practice, will be taken into consideration. 
Read Article 19, page 70. 

Any matter not contained in the writing manuals may be considered 
daily writing. 

Immediately following unit promotions, the teacher should present for 
practice exclusively the subject matter described under “Review Work” in 
the outline assigned to her. 

Statements Concerning the Position and Movement. The key to progress is 
found in observing correct position of body, paper, and hand. If the position 
is correct the movement will be correct and finally the form will be good 
and the writing plea-sing in appearance. The three essentials described in 
Article No. 2, pages 25 and -26, and are of the utmost impoitance. 

Muscular movement writing is forceful writing and should not be done 
with a slow drawing motion. The oval exercise, made with the speed of 
three revolutions a second, is the standard of speed for all practice. While 
it is necessary, in writing some of the difficult letters and combinations of 
letters, to use a slower speed than this, the movement should always be fast 
enough to produce a smooth, distinct line such as is shown in the copies of 
the manuals. 

The articles referred to in each outline are personal talks by the author 
to the teacher on the best means of developing ready results. The teacher 
is asked to read these articles carefully, and emphasize principally the features 
suggested for emphasis. The unit plan admits of intensive, thorough in¬ 
struction and to teach in the most effective way the teacher should be per¬ 
fectly familiar with her outline. 


—9— 


THE ELEMENTARY COURSE. 
OUTLINE No. 1. 

BLACKBOARD AND SEAT PRACTICE. 

(Use Manual No. 1 and Grading Card No. lb or No. la) 


1. BLACKBOARD PRACTICE: 


(a) The continuous and separate ovals, pages 19 and 21. 

(b) The “e” exercise, page 22. 

(c) The word “see,” page 3, Manual 1. 

(d) Capital “O.” 

(e) The sentence: O, come see our room. O. (On two lines as below). 


SEAT PRACTICE: See Article No. 16, page 68. 


(a) The drills described on pages 11 to 19 inclusive, and the subject mat 
ter given on pages 11 to 23 inclusive. 

(b) The “e” exercise named above. 

(c) The words on page 3 of Pupils Manual No. 1. 

(d) The capitals O and S. 

(e) The sentence: “O come see our room. O.” (On one line). 






Features to Stress: 


FEATURE 

(a) Of 

(b) Of 

(c) Of 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 


No. 1; Position: 

Body—see pages 12 and 13. 

Paper—see page 26. 

Hand—see page 18. 

No. 2; Movement: See pages 11 to 19 inclusive. 

No. 3; Speed: Read Article 1, page 24. 

No. 4; Slant: Read Article 2, pages 25 and 26. 

No. 5; Quality of the Line: Read Article 3. 

No. 6; Beginning and Ending Strokes: Read Article 4. page 30. 
No. 11; Form: Read Article 5, page 32. 


In using the Grading Card, these features principally should be considered. 


—10— 













OUTLINE No. 2. 


(Use Pupils’ Manual No. 1 and Grading Card No. 2) 

1. REVIEW WORK: 

(a) The drills described on pages 11 to 19 and the subject matter on 
pages 19 to 23, inclusive. Read Article 15, page 67. 

(b) The “e” exercise shown on page 22. 

(c) The word “see." page 3 of Pupils’ Manual No. 1. 

(d) Capital O. 

(e) The sentence given in Outline No. 1. 


2. NEW MATTER: (Read Article No. 16, page 68). 

(a) The words on pages 5 and 6, of Pupils’ Manual No. 1. 

(b) The matter on pages 13, 14, and 15 of Pupils’ Manual No. 1. 

(c) The capitals S, A, C, and E. See analysis in the index. 


FEATURE 

(a) Of 

(b) Of 

(c) Of 


FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 

FEATURE 


Features to Stress: 

No. 1; Position: 

Body—see pages 12 and 13. 

Paper—see page 26. 

Hand—see page 18. 

No. 2; Movement: See pages 11 to 19, inclusive. 

No. 3; Speed: Read Article 1, page 24. 

No. 4; Slant: Read Article 2, pages 25 and 26. 

No. 5; Quality of the Line: Read Article 3, pages 28 and 29. 

No. 6; Beginning and Ending Strokes: Read Article No. 4, page 30. 
No. 11; Form: Read Article No. 5, page 32. 


In using the Grading Card, these features principally should be considered. 


MUSCULAR MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT. 

POSITION AND MOVEMENT. 

The eight drills illustrated and explained on the following pages give an 
effective means of teaching a group of pupils correct muscular movement 
habits for use in writing. 

The teacher should not attempt to give these drills until she herself has 
practiced them. 


—11— 


DRILL 1. 



Illustration No. 6. 

— 12 — 


WITHOUT PENCIL OR PAPER. 

There are three signals in this drill: “Attention,” “One,” and “Two” The 
first and most important thing is to command the attention of the pupils. 
All articles should be removed from the desks and the pupils requested to 
face the FRONT of the room, and to sit in the MIDDLE of the seat, with 
the arms hanging limp by the sides. The feet should be under the desk, 
NOT UNDER THE SEAT. 

Illustration 6 shows the position the pupils should assume when the teacher 
calls “Attention.” 






Counts “One” and “Two’’ pertain to the placing of the arms on the desk. 
Vi hen the teacher calls “One,” the pupils should raise the arms above 
the desk so as to form three right angles. The distance of the arms above 
the desk may vary, but it is well to request that they be suspended about 
four inches. The tips of the first two fingers of both hands should touch each 
other. When all the pupils have approximately the same position, give count 
“Two,” as a signal that the arms should be lowered until they rest on the 
desk. The hands should not touch the desk until after the large muscles or 
cushions near the elbows have rested securely, with the elbow portion back 
off the edge of the desk. 



Illustration No. 7. 



Illustration No. 8. 

When the several drills have been thoroughly explained to the pupils 
the teacher may give the signal for a given position by giving a number 
instead of describing the drill in detail. Thus, “Attention” may mean arms 
by the sides; “one” may mean arms above the desk; “two” arms on the desk; 
“three,” fingers in palm of hand; “Four,” fingers extended; “five,” all four 
finger nails touching the desk; “six,” two fingers touching the desk; “seven,” 
pen in hand with wrong end downward; and “eight,” pen in hand with point 
end downward. 

Review this drill, as follows: “Attention,” “One,” “Two,” until the pupils 
can assume proper body position and place the arms correctly on the desks. 


—13— 




DRILL 2. 


In approaching a new drill review all preceding drills. 

Prepare the pupils for Drill 2 by repeating the three signals of Drill 1. 
Request them to double the fingers of the right hand into the palm, as in 
Illustration 9. 




■*>. 


Illustration No. 9. 


In this and in all other drills the muscles of the arm and hand should 
not be rigid. The purpose of Drill 2 is to teach the pupil that the muscles 
which propel the pen are located near the shoulder and not in the hand. 

With his fingers doubled into the palm of the hand there can be no finger 
movement. 


PUPILS WHO WRITE WITH THE LEFT HAND. 


The child who writes with his left hand will be handicapped, not only 
in school work, but throughout life. Immediately upon engaging in work 
requiring the use of chalk, pencil or pen, the pupil should be asked to use his 
right hand unless he experiences great difficulty in making the change. 


COUNTING TO REGULATE MOVEMENT. 


Having learned correct oval speed at the blackboard, the pupil should 
be able to apply the same speed to the drill work at the seats. Some count¬ 
ing by the teacher will be necessary at first, but as soon as possible the 
children should be taught to use correct speed by themselves. The teacher 
should devote her time to making corrections in position and movement rather 
than in counting. The movement should be free and vigorous. 

Read Article 18, page 69. 










DRILL 3. 


Request that the fingers of the writing hand be extended as in Illus¬ 
tration No. 10. The left hand and arm should be kept in the proper position. 
See that the pupils observe carefully all the features of correct position men¬ 
tioned in the previous drills. Request them to move the arm back and forth 
on the muscle without moving the fingers independently. The object of this 
drill is to teach the pupils to keep the muscles of the hand passive while 
developing the muscular movement. In both Drill 2 and Drill 3 the hand 
should be about an inch above the desk. If there is the tendency to move 
the fingers independently or to slide the muscle of the arm on the desk, 
the next drill should not be introduced until this tendency has been corrected. 

THc broken outline represents tkc extreme fSnucmS movement, unb 
tke black, outline tkc extreme backuiarji movement of tke hanv. 



sixteenth, of an inch on tkc 6esk, the movement is WRONG; 

Illustration No. 10. 

DRILL 4. 

WITH ALL FOUR FINGERS TOUCHING THE DESK. 

In this drill all four fingers are turned under so that the nails glide on 
the desk. This drill is helpful especially in teaching the pupils to keep the 
-wrist in the proper position. 

Give the call “Attention,” and the counts, “One,” “Two,” as in Drill 1, 
for the pupils to take position as in Illustration 8. When all the pupils 
have assumed correct position, request that the fingers of the writing hand 
be turned under so that all four finger nails touch the desk. In this drill 
there should be no independent motion of the fingers, and the arm should 
roll on the large muscle near the elbow. Count for movement as in Drills 
2 and 3. 


—15— 










DRILL 5. 


WITH TWO FINGERS TOUCHING THE DESK. 

Repeat Drills 1, 2, 3 and 4. 

Drill 5 is both a position and a movement drill. Besides strengthening the 
movement by repeating what has already been taught, it prepares the pupil 
to hold his pen correctly. 

Count for the movement as previously described and request that the 
first two fingers be raised from the desk, as in Illustration No. 11. Do not over¬ 
look the position of the left arm. See Illustration No. 22, page 26. After 
the pupils are familiar with this drill, the teaching of the pen position should 
not be difficult. 


illustration No. 11. 

DRILL 6. 

PAPER POSITION. 

No phase of penmanship practice is of more importance than the posi¬ 
tion of the paper. If the paper is turned too much, or not enough, the pupil 
cannot roll the writing arm on the pivot-muscle just forward of the elbow, 
but will be forced to slide his sleeve in writing across the paper. 

When the blue lines on the paper are approximately parallel to an im¬ 
aginary line running from the upper right to the lower left hand corner of the 
desk, the paper is in the correct position. 

The GUIDE LINE is helpful in teaching pupils the correct paper position. 
Prepare a piece of cardboard, 614x8 inches, the size of a sheet of practice 



Tko bones of flu forearm, more fen 'u*ar6 an6 
backwariS on fills Uirqc' muscle ---- 


—16— 








paper. Measure three and one-half inches to the right of the upper left 
hand corner, and place a dot. Draw a line from this dot to the lower left 
hand corner. Cut off the triangle and use the slanting edge of the other 
part of the card as a ruler. In advance of the lesson rule, or have one of 
the pupils rule, the guide line on a supply of paper by using this ruling device. 
The children should not rule their own sheets with rulers. 

The guide line represents the main slant and is an aid to the pupils in 
establishing correct position of the paper and in teaching them the correct 
slant of ovals and writing. While this line represents the standard of slant, 
it is not necessary to hold all the pupils rigidly to it. The guide line should 
always be parallel to the vertical edges of the desk, and the pupils should 
try to make their ovals and writing harmonize with the slant of this line as 
nearly as possible. 

The continued use of the guide line would be a mistake. It is simply 
p device for temporary use until the children have learned to place the paper 
in the correct position. 



— 17 — 











DRILL 7. 

POSITION OF PAPER AND PEN—THE STILL POSITION. 



Before giving Drill 7, count for the previous drills in the way suggested in 
paragraph 2, page 13. 

The first finger should be at the end of the holder, and the third and 
fourth fingers turned under as in Illustration 13. The directions should be given 
slowly permitting the pupils to adjust the fingers to the pen. The teacher 
may ask these questions: Is the wrist free from the desk? Does the pen 
cross the hand below and near the large knuckle? Are you holding your 
pen loosely? Is your pen pointing a little to the right of the right shoulder? 
Is the hand resting on the third and fourth fingers? Is the first finger at the 
end of the holder? Is your left arm in the correct position? Is the paper 
slanting correctly? Is the eyelet in correct position? 



— 18 — 












DRILL 8. 

MOVEMENT WITH REVERSE END AND WITH POINT END OF THE PEN. 

Drill 8 is the same as Drill 7, except that the movement at first with 
the reverse end and later with the point end of the pen is used. The ain# of 
the practice at this time is to strengthen the body, hand, and paper position, 
and to lead the pupils to roll the arm on the writing muscle as in the pre¬ 
vious drills. The features to be taught are: 

1. Body Position. 3. Hand Position. 

2. Paper Position. 4. The Use of Muscular Movement. 

After the children have learned to use the reverse end of the pen and 

make movements in one place for a minute or two at a time, teach them to 
use the point end both with point above the paper as in Illustration No. 14 and 
with strokes in making ovals. Read Article 18, page 69, on “Counting.” At first, 
the result of the movement will likely resemble more nearly a ‘‘bird’s nest” than 
a well formed oval, but the important thing at this time is the use of correct 
position and muscular movement, rather than the making of accurate ovals. 

At this time the teacher should see that the children do not slide the 
sleeve by lifting the arm, or make ovals with finger movement. 

MUSCULAR MOVEMENT WITH STROKES. 

The copies for the following exercises are given on pages 1 and 2 of Pupil’s 
Manual No. 1. Each pupil should have a copy of this manual. 

THE OVAL. 

The oval is used to show the pupil how the writing should be done in 
character of movement, slant, speed, quality of line, and form. 

The Value of the Oval. 

The continuo*fc oval is the easiest exercise used in penmanship practice, 
and because it is not difficult to make, and may be made freely, it serves 
to develop confidence and ease in writing. This exercise is valuable only 
as it relates to the writing of letters and words, and as early as possible 
the oval should be associated with letters and words. 



—19 











Counting for Ovals. 

The usual plan of counting for ovals is to count one for each downward 
stroke. 


In the continuous oval, the counts are: “one,” “two,” “three,” 
“five,” “six,” “seven,” “eight,” “nine,” “ten,” “one,” “two,” “three,” 
“five,” “six,” “seven,” “eight,” “nine,” “ten,” “one,” “two,” etc. 


“four,” 

“four,” 


Speed in Ovals. 

The speed in ovals should be that of three revolutions a second. The 
speed is measured conveniently by fifteen counts in five seconds by the watch. 

When the children have learned to work with approximate uniformity, 
the counting may be used simply to start them. 

Uniformity of Spacing. 

As an aid to uniformity of spacing, have the pupils indicate the middle 
of the paper at the top by pacing a dot. Approximately fifty downward 
strokes should be made from the left side of the paper to the dot. A con¬ 
venient way to count for this is as follows. One, two, three, four, five, six, 
seven, eight, nine, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, two, 
one, two, three; four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, three, one, two, three, four, 
five, six, seven, eight, nine, four, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, 
nine, five, numbering each group of ten strokes. However, if the pupils’ atten¬ 
tion is more on the spacing than on the writing habit, this should not be 
done. 

As the children advance in the grades the number of strokes to the 
line is increased until the spacing resembles that of the oval in Illustration 
No. 15. 


Whole Arm Mistaken for Muscular Movement. 

Pupils sometimes make beautiful ovals by permitting the entire arm to 
slide on the desk. This is whole arm movement and should be corrected. 
It is a strain on the muscles near the shoulder and cannot be made automatic, 
or serviceable. In muscular movement there is sufficient weight on the muscle 
of the forearm to keep the arm and sleeve from sliding. Refer to Illustration 
No. 11. 


Relaxation. 

The pen should be held loosely with the first finger merely resting on 
it, as in Illustration No. 13. 

Form. 

The correct oval form is shown on page 1 of Pupil’s Manual No. 1. This 
exercise should not be round or vertical. 

Slant. 

The slant of the oval given in the copies is correct. 


— 20 - 


Quality of Line. 

Good quality of line in oval practice is developed by holding the pen 
loosely, by letting the holder rest a little below the large knuckle, and by 
allowing the third and fourth fingers, instead of the pen, to support the 
weight of the hand. The quality of line developed in the oval should be used 
in the writing also. See Illustrations 18 and 20. 

Oval Form and Slant. Correct form and slant in ovals are necessary for 
proper slant in the writing. Illustration No. 22 shows how in correct writing 
the downward strokes are made toward the median line of the pupil’s body. 


The same is necessary in ovals. 



Error No. 20. 




Errors in Oval Form 
and Slant. Ovals, ex¬ 
treme in slant, lead to 
writing of the same 
slant. The slant shown 
in Error No. 20 is ob¬ 
jectionable and should 
be corrected. 

The making of ver¬ 
tical ovals leads to a 
poor quality of vertical 
writing. Ovals of the 
character shown in 
Error No. 21 should be 
regarded as a barrier 
to the pupil’s progress. 


Illustration No. 16. 

The Separate Oval. 

The two space SEPARATE OVAL is useful principally as an aid to 
CONTINUITY OF MOVEMENT. In making this exercise the pen should 
be in motion when it touches the paper at the beginning of the exercise, 
and continued in motion upon completing the exercise. There should be 
no change in speed in going from one exercise to another. The features 
to be taught are the same as those given under the continuous oval. The 
counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” “six,” “one,” “two,” “one,” 
“two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” “six,” “one,” “two,” “three,” etc. Counts “one” 
and “two” are for revolutions of the pen above the paper. There should 
be no pause after the counts “six” and “two,” where the pen is lifted from 
and lowered to the paper. 




















The purpose of the counting is to stimulate the slow writers and to check 
the excessively rapid writers. 

The number of separate ovals to a line is important. The number recom¬ 
mended is shown on page 1 of Pupils’ Manual No. 1. The ovals should be 
made to touch each other. 

THE OVAL WITH A WORD. 

The oval below is simply an aid to the use of muscular movement in 
the word; hence, the word in every way should be written as the oval is 
written. The slant, the speed, the quality of line, the freedom, and the 
relaxation of the writing muscles should be the same in both oval and word. 
Of course, this presupposes that the pupil is able to make the oval correctly. 
If the oval is poor in form and made with incorrect movement, the pupils 
should be led to correct these errors before taking up more advanced work. 



Illustration No. 18. 

The counts for the oval with “see” are given as follows: “one,” “two,” 
“three,” ‘‘four,” “five,” ‘‘six,” (quick counts), “s—e—e—,” (prolonged calling of 
the letters), “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” “si*,” (quick counts), 
“s—e—e—” (prolonged calling of the letters), “one,” “two,” “three,” etc. The 
speed in the word should be the same as in the oval, and the first stroke 
of the word should be made without checking the motion. While the calling 
of the letters of “see” is prolonged, the speed is the same as in the oval. 

The ending stroke of the word “see” is an upward right curve. The 
pen should be lifted from the paper without stopping the motion upon com¬ 
pleting this stroke. By this means a blunt ending will be avoided. 


THE “e” EXERCISE. 



Illustration No. 19. 


This exercise is made with speed similar to that used in the oval, 
and in many ways it is more useful than the oval in teaching the features 
that are characteristic to the low letters. 


— 22 — 










The count is “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” “six,” “seven,” “eight,” 
“nine,” “ten,” a count for each upward stroke. The same speed should be 
used in this exercise as in the oval. The ending stroke should not be different 
from the other upward strokes. 

The oval followed by four words is intended to lead the pupil to reduce 
the size of his letters. The words given in the sentence on page 3 of Pupils’ 
Manual No. 1 may also be practiced with the oval. 



HOW TO TEACH THE WRITING OF A SENTENCE. 

The aim of the practice in Outlines 1 and 2 is that of the use of correct 
writing habits in easy sentence writing and easy capitals. In this stage the 
experience of writing with the correct position and correct muscular move¬ 
ment and proper speed is of much greater importance than accuracy of letter¬ 
forms. At first the letters will be made somewhat crudely but if the practice 
is correctly done the pupil’s control will improve with each attempt and 
soon he will be in possession of both a good writing habit and of sufficient 
control of the pen to enable him to write well with a useful rate of speed. 



Illustration No. 21. 


The sentence here illustrated belongs to Outline 1, but that given in 
Outline 2 should be treated in the same way as is here explained. 

First: The various letters and words of the sentence should be practiced 
separately until the children can write them well with free muscular move¬ 
ment. When the writing is correctly done the line will be smooth as in the 
oval. 

Second: The sentence should be presented and the words called in such 
a way as to encourage the children to write with a speed of between 50 and 
60 letters a minute. At this time the speed is just as important as the form. 
Have the children write several pages of the sentence. Collect their papers. 


— 23 — 













We should not try to teach the children correct slant in penmanship, 
but rather teach them the conditions under which the correct slant is pro¬ 
duced. There are three necessary conditions as follows: 

First: The blue lines on the practice sheet should be approximately par¬ 
allel to an imaginary line running from the lower left to the upper right hand 
corner of the pupil’s desk. 


Illustration No. 22. 



It will be seen by the dotted lines at the right elbow, that the entire forearm 
does not rest on the desk, just the large muscle or “cushion.” It is also 
very important that the left forearm be placed in the same manner as the 
right forearm on the desk. With the left arm the pupil supports his body 
and with the left hand he adjusts his paper. The left hand should not be 
placed at the top edge of the paper. 

Third: The downward movements or strokes should be made toward the 
median line of the pupil’s body. When the writing is properly done, most of 
the upward strokes of the small letters are curved either to the left or to 
the right, and most of the downward strokes are straight. W T hether straight 
or curved all downward strokes in both capitals and small letters should be 
made on the main slant, or toward the median line of the body. 


— 26 — 











Both degree of slant and uniformity of slant are dependent on observing 
these requirements. If a pupil’s slant is wrong the conditions which produce 
correct slant are wrong, and any amount of practice under wrong conditions 
will not enable him to produce right slant in his writing. 

It would be well for the teacher to emphasize the importance of observ¬ 
ing the correct position of the arms and paper in daily written work as well 
as in writing practice. The first step toward the use of muscular movement 
in spelling, composition, etc., consists in placing both arms on the desk. 

Any slant between 25° and 35° may be considered correct. 

ERRORS. 









Extreme slant. This fault 
usually is due to an extreme 
turning of the paper, but it 
is also due to the use of too 
much side or lateral move¬ 
ment, or to wrist movement. 
The principal objection is that 
writing having this slant is 
difficult to read, and it re¬ 
quires an unnecessary amount 
of space. 


Error No. 3. 



Insufficient slant. Error No. 
4 shows the writing of a pu-' 
pil who has tried to apply 
muscular movement to verti¬ 
cal letters. The direction of 
the hand or pen in the straight 
strokes was toward the right 
elbow instead of the median 
line of the body. It is impos¬ 
sible to do vertical writing 
well with muscular movement. 


Error No. 4. 


We should not try to teach the children correct slant in penmanship, 
but rather teach them the conditions under which the correct slant is pro¬ 
duced. There are three necessary conditions as follows: 

First: The blue lines on the practice sheet should be approximately par¬ 
allel to an imaginary line running from the lower left to the upper right hand 
corner of the pupil’s desk. 


Illustration No. 22. 



Second: Both arms should rest on the desk, as in the illustration above. 
It will be seen by the dotted lines at the right elbow, that the entire forearm 
does not rest on the desk, just the large muscle or “cushion.” It is also 
very important that the left forearm be placed in the same manner as the 
right forearm on the desk. With the left arm the pupil supports his body 
and with the left hand he adjusts his paper. The left hand should not be 
placed at the top edge of the paper. 

Third: The downward movements or strokes should be made toward the 
median line of the pupil’s body. When the writing is properly done, most of 
the upward strokes of the small letters are curved either to the left or to 
the right, and most of the downward strokes are straight. Whether straight 
or curved all downward strokes in both capitals and small letters should be 
made on the main slant, or toward the median line of the body. 


— 26 — 











Both degree of slant and uniformity of slant are dependent on observing 
these requirements. If a pupil’s slant is wrong the conditions which produce 
correct slant are wrong, and any amount of practice under wrong conditions 
will not enable him to produce right slant in his writing. 

It would he well for the teacher to emphasize the importance of observ¬ 
ing the correct position of the arms and paper in daily written work as well 
as in writing practice. The first step toward the use of muscular movement 
in spelling, composition, etc., consists in placing both arms on the desk. 

Any slant between 25° and 35° may be considered correct. 

ERRORS. 






Extreme slant. This fault 
usually is due to an extreme 
turning of the paper, but it 
is also due to the use of too 
much side or lateral move¬ 
ment, or to wrist movement. 
The principal objection is that 
writing having this slant is 
difficult to read, and it re¬ 
quires an unnecessary amount 
of space. 


Error No. 3. 









Insufficient slant. Error No. 
4 shows the writing of a pu-' 
pil who has tried to apply 
muscular movement to verti¬ 
cal letters. The direction of 
the hand or pen in the straight 
strokes was toward the right 
elbow instead of the median 
line of the body. It is impos¬ 
sible to do vertical writing 
well with muscular movement. 


Error No. 4. 



Varying degrees of slant. This 
error sometimes is found in the 
elementary stage and at this 
time it should not be regarded 
as a serious error. However, in 
the succeeding stages the writing 
should have approximate uni¬ 
formity of slant. In Illustration 
No. 22 an arrow points to a verti¬ 
cal line which on the practice 
sheet is imaginary. All down¬ 
ward strokes should be made in 
this direction. 


ARTICLE No. 3. QUALITY OF THE LINE. 


Writing is made easy to read (1) by forming the letters well; (2) by 
properly spacing the letters and words; and (3) by making a distinct line. 

While the line should be distinct it should not be so coarse or heavy 
as to require the use of a blotter, and it should not vary in thickness. 

The copies in the Pupils’ Manuals are correct in quality of the line. 
There are five necessary conditions for good quality of line. 

First: The use of a pen (such as our school pen) that will produce a 
medium thickness of line. Neither the stub pen nor the very flexible, fine 
pointed pen should be used. 

Second: The oil should be removed from a new pen, or the dry ink from 
an old pen, before writing with it. Either a pen wiper or blotter is neces¬ 
sary and the pen should be cleaned inside as well as on top. Dip the pen into 
the ink before applying the pen wiper. 

The oil may be readily removed also by rubbing the pen over a black¬ 
board eraser. 

To prevent rusting and to prolong its service, the pen should be cleaned 
by the pupil when it is laid aside. 

Third: The holder should cross the hand even with or a little below the 
large knuckle, or it should have a slant of about 45°. When held in nearly 
a perpendicular position the quality of line is too light. 


* 


— 28 — 


Fourth: The weight of the hand should be on the third and fourth fingers 
rather than on the point of the pen. A coarse line, or a line of varying qual¬ 
ity is usually due to lack of support for the hand. 

Fifth: Both nibs of the pen should touch the paper. The pupil should 
keep the eyelet of the pen on top and not turn it to one side. 

See Illustration No. 14, page 18. 


ERRORS. 


/ 










Error No. 6. 


Too heavy a line. The specimen 
from which Error No. 6 was en¬ 
graved was written by gripping 
the holder and pressing the pen 
on the paper with too much force. 
This cannot be rapid, and it is not 
pleasing in appearance. 



Error No. 7. 


Both light and heavy. It is pos¬ 
sible to spread the nibs of the 
pen in making downward strokes 
and thus produce thick lines. 
When this is skillfully done, it 
is called shading the letters. Pu¬ 
pils sometimes attempt this pur¬ 
posely, but frequently a pupil, be¬ 
cause of insufficient training in 
relaxation of the muscles, will 
make the up-strokes light and 
down-strokes heavy. Such writ¬ 
ing should be discouraged. 


— 29 — 






ARTICLE No. 4. BEGINNING AND ENDING STROKES.. 

The systematic making of beginning and ending strokes in writing is 
principally for convenience and harmony. 

Convenience of Beginning Strokes. The most convenient place to start a 
word is on the base line, and here in correct writing nearly all the words 

begin. The letters a, d, g, o, and q, are an exception to this rule. When used 

as initial letters of words they should be written as the copies show, without 
the use of the upward left curve sometimes used as an initial stroke. See 
Error No. 11. 

Harmony in Beginning and Ending Strokes. There are principally two 
kinds of beginning strokes and three kinds of ending strokes. The beginning 
strokes are the left curve and the right curve. The ending strokes are the 
right curve, the left curve, and the horizontal curve. 

The Right Curve. The right curve is used in most words as a beginning 
and as an ending stroke. It is important to teach that the right curve is the 
same when used as an initial stroke or as an ending stroke of a word as 

when used to join the letters of a word. This is the key to harmony. See the 

word “sister,” page 71. 

The Upward Left Curve. The upward left curve is used as the first stroke 
of the letters m, n, v, x, y and z. This stroke should be curved and started on 
the base line. 

The Horizontal Ending. The ending stroke of o, b, v, and w should be 
curved and made in a horizontal position. Observe that this stroke is made 
by slightly retracing the previous stroke. See “over’’ and ‘‘brown,’ ’page 72. 


ERRORS. 



Beginning and ending strokes 
that are too long. The legibility 
of the writing in Error No. 8 is 
greatly impaired by the use of 
the long flourished strokes. 

Unimportant strokes and let¬ 
ter parts should not be made 
prominent. 


Error No. 8. 


— 30 — 



Blunt endings. Error No. 9 shows 
endings made by stopping the motion 
and pressing on the pen at the end 
of each word. This not only retards 
the speed, but it also detracts from 
the appearance of the writing. 





Horizontal beginning and ending 
strokes. Errors Nos. 10 and 11 show 
the writing of pupils who use the 
objectionable horizontal stroke, 
both as an initial and as an ending 
stroke of words. 



One of the objections to hori¬ 
zontal initial and ending strokes 
is that they often connect words 
and fill the space that should be 
left between the words, or they 
cause the words to be made too 
far apart. 


Error No. 11. 




Hooked beginning and ending 
strokes. It is seldom that a pu¬ 
pil hooks both the beginning 
and the ending stroke, but the 
hooking of one or the other is 
a common fault. The hook at 
the beginning of the word is due 
to beginning the first stroke 
with a downward rather than an 
upward motion. These hooks 
are often mistaken for letters. 


■31 



Compound ending strokes. Be¬ 
sides filling the space between 
words, this stroke makes promi¬ 
nent a part of the word that is not 
of great importance. Prominent in¬ 
itial and finishing strokes of any 
kind tend to take the eyes away 
from the body of the writing. 

Error No. 13. 

ARTICLE No. 5. FORM IN THE ELEMENTARY STAGE. 

From the standpoint of the reader accuracy of form is the most im¬ 
portant element of penmanship, but from the standpoint of the learning 
child the importance of accurate form depends on the stage of practice in 
which he is working. 

In the Elementary stage of penmanship practice, the child’s greatest need 
is that of a thorough knowledge of the correct principles of position and 
movement—a foundation on which to build the superstructure of form. At 
first the teacher must guard very carefully the manner of writing, and not 
force the child to practice incorrectly by placing too much stress on the 
product. 

As long as the pupils are practicing correctly the teacher may safely 
stress the form, but when they have lapsed into the use of incorrect habits 
the stress should be on the correct manner of writing rather than the cor¬ 
rectness of form. 

The correct manner of writing is important both from the standpoint of 
the child’s health and from that of his progress in penmanship. 

ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL LETTERS GIVEN IN OUTLINES 1 AND 2. 

The teacher should study the analysis of the following letters so that 
she may readily detect errors in form and aid the children to correct them. 
These letters should be practiced separately when needed. 



Part A is an upward right curve which begins on the base line. Part B is 
composed of a curved downward stroke and an upward right curve. The end¬ 
ing stroke is as high as the letter and similar to the first stroke. Small “e” 
should be round at the top and made with the strokes of the loop well sep¬ 
arated. The counts are “one,” “two,” one count for each upward stroke. 

Speed: From 60 to 70 letters to the minute. 



— 32 — 




Part A is a slanting right curve which begins on the base line. Part B is 
composed of a straight downward stroke, and a curved upward stroke. The 
straight stroke is made on the main slant and the upward stroke should har¬ 
monize with Part A in character. Part C is composed of a short straight down¬ 
ward stroke made on the main slant and an upward right curve which should 
harmonize with the other upward strokes. The counts are “one,” “two,” 
“three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters to the minute. 





Part A is an upward right curve which begins on the base line. At the end 
of this stroke the motion of the pen is stopped. Part B, a compound stroke, 
curves slightly to the left and then very decidedly to the right. It touches the 
base line and ends with a full stop of the pen on Part A, There is a retrac¬ 
ing of strokes in making Part C, a right curve. The counts are “one,” “two,” 
“three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters to the minute. 


Part A is a slanting upward right curve which begins on the base line. At 
the end of this stroke the motion of the pen is stopped. Part B (the roof) is 
composed of a straight stroke made in slanting position, and a straight 
downward stroke made on the main slant of the writing. The short slanting 
stroke gives breadth to the letter and is the distinguishing feature between 
“r” and “i.” Part C is an upward right curve which should end as high as 
the letter. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters to the minute. 



Part A is a short straight line made on the main slant. This stroke should 
be started at a point on a plane with the tops of the low letters and the motion 
should be stopped at the end of the stroke. Part B begins with an upward 
movement, which results in a short retracing of Part A, until the top of the let¬ 
ter is reached, then the stroke follows the left side of a small oval and ends at 
a point the height of the letter. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for 
each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters to the minute. 


— 33 — 











The form given to the right should be used in a word and to end a word 
The only difference between the first form and the second is the making of an 
upward right curve which begins on the base line and touches the short, 
straight stroke at the top of the letter. The main part of the letter should 
be narrow. 



Part A is a small slanting oval made on the main slant. The left side and 
the right side should be equally curved and the two strokes should meet at 
the top where the motion of the pen is stopped before forming Part B, a hori¬ 
zontal ending stroke. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 55 to 65 letters a minute. 



Part A is composed of an upward left curve and a straight downward 
stroke. Part B is composed of an upward left curve, a straight downward 
stroke, and an upward right curve. The downward strokes should be made on 
the main slant. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 


/? jS c 


^7 ^2--^27Z^ 


Part A is composed of an upward left curve and a straight downward 
stroke. All the downward strokes of this and other small letters should be 
made on the main slant. Part B is similar to Part A. Part C is composed of an 
upward left curve, a straight downward stroke and an upward right curve. The 
three tops of “m” should be round and the ending stroke should end as high as 
the letter. The downward strokes should be equally spaced and not made too 
far apart. The counts are “one,” “two” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 35 letters a minute. 

A good exercise for developing correct form and strong movement in “m” 
and “n” is given below. 



Pupils practicing from Outlines 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 should make two exercises, 
and those practicing from Outlines 6 and 7, three exercises between the lines. 


— 34 — 











Part A is composed of a left curve, a straight line and a right curve. The 
left curve begins on the base line; the straight stroke is nearly vertical and 
the right curve ends as high as the letter. Part B is a slanting straight line 
which crosses the letter at the middle. This stroke (some times made upward), 
has much more slant than the main slant indicates and it is quite in harmony 
with the slant of the curved strokes to the left and to the right of it. Part B 
should not be made longer than the height of the “x.” The counts are “one,” 
“two;” one count for each part. Allow more time for the first count than 
for the second. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 


Part A begins on the base line and is composed of a slanting curved stroke. 
This stroke changes at the top into Part B, a straight downward stroke. The 
top is made round by making the turn with the motion of the pen unchecked. 
This much of “1” is called the stem and is given in the Pupil’s Manuals for 
separate practice. Part C is a short upward right curve which in slant is 
the same as Part A. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for 
each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters a minute. 

C-7" 

Part A is a slanting, upward right curve which begins on the base line. 
Part B is composed of a straight downward stroke and an upward right curve. 
The retracing of strokes at the top of the letter should be like that in the copy 
above. The round turn at the base line is made by continuing the motion in 
making the turn. Part C, the dot, is on the main slant with the straight stroke.. 
The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters a minute. 

*/2L ^ 

/ 

Part A is composed of a well curved downward stroke and a somewhat 
straighter upward stroke. These two strokes should meet at the top. Part B is 
composed of a straight downward stroke made on the main slant and an up¬ 
ward right curve which ends as high as the letter. The counts are “one,” 
“two;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



- 35 - 








Part A is composed of a well curved downward stroke and a somewhat 
straighter upward stroke. Both of these strokes are in a slanting position and 
meet at the top. Part B is composed of a straight downward stroke made on 
the main slant and a well curved upward stroke. The downward stroke re¬ 
traces the previous stroke a short distance. The base of the loop is made 
round by continuing the motion in making the turn. The crossing of the two 
strokes of Part B is near the base line. The counts are “one,” “two;” one 
count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 

ANALYSIS OF THE CAPITALS GIVEN IN OUTLINES 1 AND 2. 



Part A is composed of a downward left curve and an upward right curve 
both made on the main slant of the writing. Part B is a horizontal curve 
which is made about one-third of the way down on the letter and ends with 
an upward movement. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 50 to 60 letters a minute. 



Part A is an upward right curve which begins at the base line. This 
stroke should be well curved, and should not be made too slanting. Part B 
is a decidedly compound curve which crosses Part A about one-half way 
down on the letter. This stroke touches the base line and terminates at a 
point nearly half the height of the letter. At this termination there is a full 
stop of the pen. Part C is a horizontal curve made well away from the base 
line. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



Part A is composed of two curved strokes which form a small slanting 
loop. Part B follows the form of an oval and ends at a point about half the 
height of the letter. The small loop is about one-half the length of the entire 
letter. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters a minute. 


— 36 — 










Part A is a short straight line made on the main slant of the writing, or it 
may begin with a dot as in the form to the right. Part B suggests a small, 
wide oval, and Part C a somewhat larger oval. The union of Parts B, and C 
forms a small horizontal loop. Part C should end at a point about half the 
height of the letter. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each 
part. When the dot beginning is used the first count is for the dot. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 


A Helpful Exercise. 



Pupils usually fail to use enough lateral motion in 
“E.” The accompanying exercise should be made on 
the main slant and with considerable lateral motion. 
The count is “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” 
“six.” Count “one” is for the dot and count “six” 
for the ending stroke. 

Speed: About the same as that used in the oval. 



Part A is composed of a well curved downward stroke and a somewhat 
straighter upward stroke. Both of these strokes are in a slanting position 
and should be made to meet at the top. Part B is composed of a downward 
stroke and an upward stroke. The dowmward stroke retraces the previous 
stroke about half way and is nearly straight. At the base line this stroke 
changes into an upward right curve which ends about half way up on the 
letter. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

The letter part here illustrated may be practiced separately, if proper 
speed is used. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 


— 37 — 












THE LOWER INTERMEDIATE COURSE. 


OUTLINE No. 3. 

(Use Pupils' Manual No. 1 and Grading Card No. 3) 

REVIEW WORK: The two-space continuous oval, and some part of the follow 
ing subject matter should be reviewed at the beginning of every writing 
lesson. Read Article 15, page 67. 

(a) The separate oval. 

(b) The “e” exercise, page 22. 

(c) The matter on pages 13, 14, and 15, of Pupils’ Manual No. 1. 

(d) Capital O (for use before introducing A, C, E, or S) and Capital H. (for 
use before presenting M, N, K, or W). 

NEW MATTER: (Read Article 16, page 68). 

(a) Words from the lists on pages 5 and 6 of Pupil’s Manual No. 1. 

See Article No. 14, page 66. 

(b) The matter on pages 16, 17, and 18, of Pupils’ Manual No. 1. 

(c) The capitals A, C, E, S, M, N, K, and W. See “analysis” in index. 

(d) The figures. Read Article 13, page 64. 

Features to Review and Improve: The six features named in Outlines 
1 and 2 should be reviewed. 


Features to Stress: 

FEATURE No. 7; Base Alinement: Read Article 6, page 39. 

FEATURE No. 8; Spacing: Read Article No. 7, page 40. 

FEATURE No. 11; Form: Read Article 9, page 44. 

In using the Grading Card, these features and those given in Outline 2 , 
should be considered. 

OUTLINE No. 4. 

(Use Pupils’ Manual No. 1 and Grading Card No. 4.) 

1 . REVIEW WORK: The two-space oval, and some part of the following sub 
ject matter should be reviewed at the beginning of every writing les¬ 
son. Read Article 15, page 67. 

(a) Any of the subject matter on pages 1 to 4, inclusive, of Manual No. 1. 

(b) The “e” exercise, page 22. 

(c) The O. H, and D. Capital O should be used before presenting A, C, 
E, or S; H, before M. N, K, or W; and D before L, B, R, P, T, or F_ 

(d) The sentence on page 15 of Manual No. 1. 


— 38 — 


2. NEW MATTER: (Read Article 16, page 68). 


(a) Words from the lists on pages 7, 8, 9, and 10, of Manual No. 1. Read 
Article No. 14, page 66. 

(b) The matter on pages 19 to 27, inclusive, of Manual No. 1. 

(c) The capitals A, C. E, S, M, N, K, W, L, D, B, R, P, I, J, T and F. See 
“analysis” in index. 

(d) The figures. See Article No. 13, page 64. 

Features to improve: Those given in Outlines 1, 2, and 3. 

Features to Stress: 

FEATURE No. 7; Base Alinement: See Article 6, below. 

FEATURE No. 8; Spacing: See Article No. 7, page 40. 

FEATURE No. 9; Top Alinement: See Article No. 8, page 43. 

FEATURE No. 11; Form: See Article 9, page 44. 

In using the Grading Card these features and those given in Outline 2 
should be considered. 

ARTICLE 6. BASE ALINEMENT. 

Base Alinement means making the line of writing rest on the ruled 
line, or on a similar imaginary line. Base alinement may readily be improved 
by calling the attention of the children to it, and devoting a few lessons to 
this special feature. 

The correct position of the paper will aid the children to write with good 
alinement. 


Poor base alinement. The base 
line is reproduced in Error No. 14 
to show how the pupil’s writing in 
places runs through the line in¬ 
stead of resting on it. Poor base 
alinement is shown also in Error 
No. 18. The use of the “e” exer¬ 
cise shown on page 22 will be 
found helpful in correcting this 
error. 




—39 











ARTICLE No. 7. SPACING. 


This feature includes: (1) spacing of letter parts; (2) spacing 
of letters; (3) spacing of words; and (4) spacing of sentences. 

The general rule is as follows: There should be more space between 
the letters than between the parts of the letters, more space between words 
than between letters; and more space between sentences than between words. 

The spacing of the letters, words, and sentences on the printed page i3 
a good example of the spacing on the written page. 


Spacing of Letter Parts. 



Error No. 15. 


Error No. 15 shows “m” and “n” with too much space between the parts. 
In such cases the letter should be practiced separately and later in words 
and sentences until the form is improved. 





Confrasf 


o>ee h ow much. 
.space is -savecL 


The dais represent the downward strokes. In the top line the down¬ 
ward strokes are too far af>art in the words, and too nearfy the same dis¬ 
tance a^art throughout the sentence. In the second sentence the 
downward strokes of the words are closer togetherfhan in the first, but the 
sface between the words is nearly the same. This is correct. 

Illustration No. 23. 

Spacing of Letters and Words. The correct spacing of the letters of a 
word is aided by having the children write a definite number of words to the 
line. The copies in the Pupils Manual show about the right spacing of words 
and sentences. 

In rooms working from Outlines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, there should be about 
25 letters to the line, on paper 8 inches wide. See the word “sail,” page 13 
of Manual No. 1, and the several lines of the Acorn Story, pages 28 and 29 
cf Manual No. 1. 







In rooms working from Outlines 6 and 7, there should be between 30 
and 35 letters to the full line. However, where a long word is written to fill 
the line the number of letters exceeds this. The rule applies to words of aver¬ 
age length and to sentences and paragraphs. 


Several errors in spacing of letters and words are illustrated below. It 
will be seen that some of the faults are due to the incorrect making of the 
beginning and ending strokes. 

Spacing of Capitals. The correct spacing of capitals is shown on page 31 
of Pupils’ Manual No. 1, and on page 44 of Pupils’ Manual No. 2. The writing 
of a definite number of letters to the line aids both correct form and good 
spacing. 

The correct number to the line depends on the height of the letters. The 
following number is recommended on paper 8 inches wide with ruling three- 
eighths of an inch wide. 


1. Capitals one space high, 16 to the line. 

2. Capitals three-fourths of a space high, 18 to the line. 

3. Capitals two-thirds of a space high, 20 to the line. 


This /j /A? effect 

25 Ao f-/?e ///?e~?. 




Illustration No. 24. 










Too much space 
between letters. 

The effect 
shown in Error 
No. 16 is very ob¬ 
jectionable. Be¬ 
sides being diffi¬ 
cult to read, this 
scattered writing 
fills too much 
space on the 
line and requires 
unnecessary 
time. The writ¬ 
ing between the 
lines represents 
better spacing. 


Error No. 16. 








Error No. 17. 


Too much space be¬ 
tween words. From 
the standpoint of 
economy of space, 
time, and that of leg¬ 
ibility, scattering of 
words is objection¬ 
able. 

The rule for spac¬ 
ing words is: The 
beginning stroke of 
a new word should be 
made to start direct¬ 
ly under the ending 
stroke of the previ¬ 
ous word. This rule 
applies only in case 
the beginning and 
the ending strokes 
are correctly made. 


The above specimen also shows too much space between words. The 
remedy for this fault is the writing of a definite number of words to the line. 
The correct number is shown in the manuals. 


— 42 — 


< 












Error No. 18. 

The beginning and ending strokes should not be overlapped. 


Insufficient 
Space Between 
Words. This 
kind of writing 
is difficult to 
read because 
two or three 
words have the 
appearance of 
one long word. 


ARTICLE No. 8. TOP A LI N EM ENT. 


Top alinement usually is construed to mean uniform height of the low 
letters (m, n, o, i, u, e, etc.), but it may mean also uniform height of the 
extended letters (1, h, b, k, and f), or of the capitals. 


In error No. 19 the “l’s” in “well” are not as high as 
the “1” in “pencils.” and in the accompanying word, 
capital “M” is no higher than the low letters. These 
errors illustrate poor top alinement. 

The use of the “e” exercise shown on page 22 will be found helpful in 
improving top alinement of low letters. 

First: Present the “e” exercise alone until the “e’s” are uniform in height. 

Second: Use the “e” exercise with a word composed of low letters until 
the word is written with good top alinement. 

Third: Have the children write separate words composed of low letters 
until the letters are uniform in height. 






Error No. 19. 


Fourth: Introduce words com¬ 
posed of both low and extended 
letters. The t’s, d’s and p’s should 
be twice as high as the low let¬ 
ters and the l’s, h’s, b’s, k’s and 
f’s two and a half or three times 
as high as the low letters and all 
the same in height. 


In errors of this kind, the faulty letters should first be practiced separate¬ 
ly, then in words, and finally in sentences and paragraphs. 

Poor top alinement is shown also in Error No. 18. 


— 43 — 





ARTICLE No. 9. FORM IN THE INTERMEDIATE STAGE. 

By the time the child has reached this stage of practice the correct habit 
of writing should be established sufficiently to enable him to concentrate 
his attention on the various features that make for the correct form and 
pleasing appearance of his handwriting. Not only should this be true but 
he should be able to make some use of good writing habits in his daily work. 

The teacher’s problem in this stage is distinctly that of leading her chil¬ 
dren to improve the form without sacrificing the correct manner of writing. 

In this stage, as in the elementary stage, the form should not be stressed 
to the extent of forcing upon the children the use of wrong habits. The prac¬ 
tice should be systematic and intensive and of sufficient duration to result in 
perceptible improvement. If it is found that the continued practice of 
a given copy has resulted in loss of interest, new subject matter may for 
the time be substituted and later the practice of the former matter resumed. 
The purpose of the practice is for improvement, and if improvement does not 
result with devoting one lesson to a given copy, the lessons should be re¬ 
peated until improvement is shown. 

The plan of using two or three minutes for each of seven or eight differ¬ 
ent copies during a lesson of half an hour is superficial and should not be 
used except in preparing specimens for the progress booklets. 

The teacher should not only be familiar with the various forms and 
features to be taught, but she should be able to demonstrate the writing skill¬ 
fully at the blackboard. 

The interest and progress of the children in this stage will depend very 
largely on the teacher’s ability to write well. 

ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL LETTERS USED IN OUTLINES 3 AND 4. 

For description of letters not given here see “analysis” in index. 



Part A is a short, curved slanting stroke which begins on the base line and 
ends with a stopping of the movement. Part B is composed of a straight down¬ 
ward stroke and an upward right curve. Part C is composed of a straight down¬ 
ward stroke and an upward rignt curve. The upward stroke of Part C is well 
curved; in tact, Part C suggests the form of a small oval with an open top. 
Part D is a horizontal ending curve made by retracing the previous stroke a 
short distance. The two parts that form the base of small “w” should be 
round and should rest on the base line. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” 
“four;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 


— 44 — 


3 , 


/? 

^LZ 


Part A is composed of an upward left curve, a straight downward stroke 
and an upward right curve. The first stroke begins on the base line and is 
well curved. The downward stroke is made on the main slant. The third 
stroke is a right curve made a little higher than the round part to the left. 
At the end of this stroke the movement of the pen is stopped before making 
Part B. Part B is a horizontal ending stroke which retraces the previous 
stroke a short distance. Small “v” should always be made with the first part 
round. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. Sufficient time 
should be allowed in count “one” for the pupils to make the part well. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 

Small “a” should be practiced before presenting small “d.” 



Part A is composed of a well curved downward stroke and a less decided 
upward curve the top of w T hich is twice as high as the oval part. 

Part B, a straight stroke, retraces the top part of Part A and changes 
at the base line into an upward right curve. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 

The form above is recommended for use in elementary and intermediate 
practice and the form below in advanced practice. 

Where the looped form is used the loop should be narrow. 



Part A is composed of a short curved downward stroke and a long curved 
upward stroke, both made in a slanting position. A round turn is made at the 
top of the letter. Part B is composed of a slightly curved downward stroke and 
an upward curved ending stroke. Small “d” touches the base line at two 
points. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters a minute. 

The ending stroke of “d” given at the right in the above illustration is 
for use at the end of a word. 


— 45 — 








Part A is an upward right curve which begins on the base line. This 
should be twice the height of the low letters. The motion of the pen is 
stopped at the end of Part A before making Part B. Part B is composed of 
a downward straight line made on the main slant of the writing and a short 
upward right curve which ends at the height of the low letters. The retracing 
of strokes should be about half way down the letter. Part C is a short 
straight horizontal stroke which crosses the “t” about one-third of the way 
down. This stroke should be well balanced, as much to the right as to 
the left of the retraced top. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count 
for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 



This form should be used only as a final letter of a word, and its use 
is optional. 

Part A is an upward right curve which begins on the base line. At the 
end of this stroke the movement of the pen is stopped. Part B retraces Part 
A and is a slanting straight line made on the main slant of the writing. In 
making this stroke the movement of the pen is stopped at the base line. 
Part C is an upward left curve which retraces the straight stroke and ends 
about half way up on the letter. This letter is similar to the right side of 
capital “W.” The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters a minute. 



Part A begins on the base line, is well curved, and made in a slanting 
position. The top of the loop is made round by continuing the motion of the 
pen in making the turn. Part B is a slanting straight line made on the 
main slant of the writing. Part C, the “shoulder,” is composed of an upward 
left curve, a straight downward stroke, and an upward right curve. The 
“shoulder” should be round at the top and base, and made about one-third 
the height of the letter. There is a short retracing of strokes where Part C 
is joined to Part B. The counts are “one,” “two.” “three;” one count for each 
part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 


— 46 — 







A slight contraction of the fingers is permissible in making the extended 
loop letters. 



Part A, a slanting right curve, begins on the base line. Part B is a slant¬ 
ing straight line made on the main slant. The motion of the pen is stopped at 
the base line. To make a well rounded top the motion of the pen should not be 
stopped in making the turn. At the base of Part B is a retracing of strokes. 
Part C is composed of an upward left curve and a short horizontal curve 
which suggests a small horizontal oval. The short horizontal stroke should 
not touch the upward left curve. Part D is a short straight downward stroke 
made on the main slant. This stroke changes at the base line into Part E, 
an upward right curve which should end as high as the copy shows. Parts C, 
D and E constitute the “shoulder” of “k.” The crossing of Parts A and B 
and the “shoulder” should be approximately the same in height, about one- 
third the height of the letter. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” 
“five;”’ one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 

A slight contraction of the fingers is permissible in making the extended 
loop letters. 



Part A begins on the base line and is a curved stroke made in a slanting 
position. At the top of the letter, a round turn is made, and the first stroke of 
Part B, a rather straight stroke, is made to the base line. This stroke is on 
the main slant. The base of the letter is made round by continuing the mo¬ 
tion. The second stroke of Part B is an upward right curve made about one- 
third the height of the letter and rather close to the previous stroke. At the 
end of this stroke the motion of the pen is stopped, and the stroke retraced 
in forming Part C, a horizontal curve. The crossing of strokes in “b” should 
be at a point about one-third the way up on the letter. The counts are “one,” 
“two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 

A slight contraction of the fingers is permissible in making the extended 
locp letters. 


— 47 — 











Part A begins on the base line and is well curved. The top of “f” is made 
round by continuing the motion in going from Part A to Part B. Part B is 
composed of a long straight stroke and an upward right curve which ends at 
the point where the downward stroke crosses the base line. The two loops 
are well separated. The downward stroke is straight and made on the main 
slant. The base and top of “f” are made round by continuing the movement 
in making the turns. Part C is an upward right curve which ends about one- 
third the height of the upper loop. Small “f” is longer above the base line 
than below. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 

A slight contraction of the fingers is permissible in making the extended 
loop letters. 



Part A is a slanting right curve which begins on the base line similar in 
height to that of small “t.” The movement of the pen is stopped at the top of 
this stroke before retracing for Part B. Part B is a straight downward stroke 
for most of its length, and at the base changes into an upward left curve which 
crosses the straight stroke well above the base line to form a small slanting 
oval resting on the base line. The end of Part B should touch the straight 
downward stroke (not the curved upward stroke) as the above form shows. 
The small oval should be about the size of the oval in a, g, d, q and o, and 
the pointed top of “p” should be twice the heighth of the oval. Round turns 
like that at the base of the loop in p, g, j, y, etc., result from the use of a 
continuous movement of the pen. A stopping of the movement causes an 
angular turn. The counts for small “p” are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count 
for each part. Prolong the count “two” to give time for making this part 
well. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 


— 48 — 









Part A of “y” is similar to Part A of “v.’’ Three strokes compose the part. 
The first is a slanting curve which begins on the base line; the second is a 
straight line made on the main slant, and the third is a right curve at the end 
of which the movement of the pen is stopped. Part B is composed of a long 
slanting straight line made on the main slant, and an upward left curve which 
crosses the previous stroke at the base line. The base of “y” is made round by 
continuing the motion in making the turn. If the pen were stopped the base 
would be angular. The first part of “y” should always be round and there 
should be a retracing of strokes at the top of the second part. The counts are 
“one,” “two,” with sufficient time allowed in each count for the making of 
both parts well. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 

ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL LETTERS NOT GIVEN IN THE SENTENCES 


OF MANUAL No. 1. 


These letters may be practiced in connection with the words given in 
the lists, pages 5 to 12 of Manual 1. 



Part A is an upward right curve which begins on the base line. .Part B is 
composed of a straight line made on the main slant, and an upward left curve. 
The round turn at the base of the letter is produced by continuing the move¬ 
ment. If the pen were stopped after making the straight stroke it is likely the 
loop would be narrow and the base angular. Part C, the dot, should be made 
directly above the letter and in slant with the straight stroke. The counts are 
“one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. Prolong the count “two” to 
admit of time to make this part well. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



Part A is composed of a short well curved downward stroke and a less de¬ 
cidedly curved upward stroke. These two strokes are made in a slanting posi¬ 
tion and meet at the top. Part B is composed of a straight downward stroke on 


— 49 — 







the main slant, and an upward right curve. The motion of the pen is stopped 
at the base line where the upward stroke of Part B touches the downward 
stroke. Part C is an upward right curve made as high as the low letters. The 
counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 40 letters a minute. 


/ 



Part A is composed of an upward left curve and a slanting straight line. 
The straight line is made more slanting than the main slant to admit of making 
Part B correct in form. The main slant is shown by the dotted line. Part B is 
composed of a downward right curve and an upward left curve. The last 
stroke crosses the previous stroke below the base line and ends as high as the 
top of the letter without stopping the motion at the end of the stroke. 

The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. Sufficient time 
should be allowed for parts composed of long strokes to make them well. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 


ANALYSIS OF CAPITALS GIVEN IN OUTLINES 3 AND 4. 


Before having the pupils practice “H,” “M,” “N,” 


“K,” or “W,” 


it would 


be well to use the following exercises a few minutes. 

There is a saving of time and effort in practicing certain of the letter parts 
that are common to a large number of letters. Some one of the following 
letter parts should be used at the beginning of every lesson, in which a letter 
of this group is practiced, until the pupils can make them well. 


C> 7> 6) 

/f rf rf 0 0 <J 

This form occurs in eleven of the twenty-six capitals. The reverse move¬ 
ment is used and both the downward and the upward strokes are curved and 
made in a slanting position. The top should be closed and to admit of free 
movement the pen lifted from the paper while in motion upon completing the 
exercise. The size and arrangement given above is recommended. Two rows 
should be made between the blue lines. A speed of 70 to 80 a minute is rec¬ 
ommended. 


— 50 — 





This form with straight stroke to base line, is used in H, K, M, N, and W. 
The straight line should be on the main slant of the writing and the motion 
should be stopped at the base line, but without shading the stroke. The 
small oval should be made well out from the main stroke. The pen should 
be in motion upon touching the paper. The count is “one,” “two;” one count 
for each part. Between 60 and 70 a minute should be written with good form. 



Part A is a slanting loop made with the reverse movement. Part B is 
curved at the top and straight from the middle to the base line, where the 
motion of the pen is stopped. The end of this stroke should be about under the 
left side of Part A. Part C is a left curve which rests on the base line. At the 
end of this stroke the movement is stopped before making Part D. Part D 
is composed of an upward left curve and a horizontal ending stroke. The 
small loop of Part D should touch Part B half way up on the letter. The counts 
are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 

“H” is the key capital of the letters having the small loop beginning 
stroke. It should be given extensive practice. Read Article 13, p.... 



Part A is a slanting loop made on the main slant of the writing. Part B 
is curved at the top and straight from the middle down to the base line where 
a full stop is made. Part A should be well separated from Part B. Part C 
is composed of an upward left curve, and a straight downward stroke. Part D 
is composed of an upward left curve, straight downward stroke and upward 
right curve. The “M” should be round at the top, and the downward strokes 
about the same distance apart. The parts B, C, and D gradually diminish in 
height. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four;” counts “one”’ and 
“two” being for Part A and counts “three” and “four” for parts C and D. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute 


— 51 — 













Part A is composed of a downward right curve and an upward left curve. 
The loop thus formed is in a slanting position. Part B is curved at the top 
and straight from the middle to the base line. The motion of the pen should 
be stopped at this point, but the stroke should not be shaded or blunt. Part C 
is composed of an upward left curve, a straight downward stroke and a short 
upward right curve. The two downward straight lines should be made on the 
main slant of the writing. Part C is shorter than Part B. The counts are 
“one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters to the minute. 



Part A is made up of a left curve and a right curve which form a small 
slanting loop. This loop should be right in slant and made with the reverse 
motion. Part B is straight from the middle of the letter down to the base 
line, but the upper half is well curved. The motion of the pen should come 
to a full stop at the base line, but the pen should not be pressed to the paper in 
making the ending. Part A is made well to the left of Part B. Part C is a slant¬ 
ing, compound curve which touches Part B at the middle of the letter. 
Part C in union with Part D forms a horizontal loop which overlaps Part B. 
Part D is also a slanting compound curve which changes into an upward 
right curve at the base line. Part D should not be made parallel to Part B. 
The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 25 to 35 letters to the minute. 



Part A is a small slanting loop made with the reverse movement. Part B 
should be straight from the middle down to the base line and it should be 
made on the main slant of the writing. If this stroke is curved as in “X” it is 
likely that Part C will be in a wrong position and the entire letter made too 
slanting. Part C bends a little to the right and retraces Part B a short dis¬ 
tance. Part D is straight and about parallel to the lower half of Part B. 
Part C retraces Part B a short distance. Part E is curved and made half 
the height of Part D. The retracing of the strokes should be the same in 
the three angles of “W.” The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five;” 
one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 


— 52 — 














THE UPPER INTERMEDIATE COURSE. 

OUTLINE No. 5. 

(Use Pupils’ Manual No. 1 and Grading Card No. 5.) 

1 REVIEW WORK: The two-space continuous oval and some part of the 

following subject matter should be reviewed at the beginning of every 
writing lesson. See Article No. 15, page 67. 

(a) The two-space separate oval. 

(b) The “e” exercise (three exercises between the blue lines) shown on 
page 62. 

(c) The sentence on -page 15 of Manual No. 1. 

(d) Capital H, or D. 

H should be practiced before Q, V, Z, X, Y, or U; capital D before L, B, 
R, P or G. 

2. NEW MATTER: (Read Article No. 16, page 68). 

(a) The matter on pages 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 of Manual No. 1. 

(b) The paragraphs on pages 28 and 29 of Manual No. 1. 

(c) The capitals G, L, B, R, P, I, J, F, T, Q. V, Z, X, Y, and It. 

(d) The figures. See Article 13, page 64. 

Features to be Reviewed: 

Those given under Outlines 1, 3, and 5. 

Features to Stress: 

FEATURE No. 9; Spacing: Read Article No. 7, page 40. 

FEATURE No. 10; Top Alinement: See Article No. 8, page 43. 

FEATURE No. 11; Form: Read Article No. 9, page 44. 

In using the Grading Card, these features, and those named in Outlines 

2 and 4, should be considered. 

ANALYSIS OF THE CAPITALS USED IN OUTLINE No. 5. 

For description of letters not given here see “Analysis” in index. 



The slanting compound stroke is used in B, D, T, F, L, P, R, and G. It 
will be seen that the curve is not very decided. This curve should be well 
balanced; i. e., there should be as much left curve as right. The pen should 


— 53 — 




touch the paper while in motion and leave it in the same way. By using it in 
this way it serves both to aid the study of the form and to develop proper 
speed. Give one count for each stroke. 

As Capital “D” is the key letter of the group to which it belongs, it 
should be practiced thoroughly. 

Read Article 13, page 64. 



The practice of the horizontal oval made with an over motion from left 
to right will aid the making of a horizontal oval in this capital and in capital 
“L.” The width should be about one-third greater than the height. 

The one space exercise should be well made before the smaller one is 
attempted. The count is “one,” “two,” “three,” “four.” 



Part A is a compound curve made on the main slant of the writing. This 
stroke should not be too decidedly curved. Part B begins with a compound 
curve which in union with Part A forms a horizontal loop which rests on the 
base line. This stroke then follows the form of an oval to the top of the letter. 
Part C is a horizontal ending curve like that of capital “O.” This stroke 
should be brought down less than half way on the letter. This letter should 
touch the base line at two points. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one 
count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 

Before introducing “L” review the horizontal oval shown above. 



Part A is a short, slanting, straight line made on the main slant of the 
writing. A dot may be used in place of the straight line if desired as in the 
letter at the right. Part B is a compound stroke with a full top like that of 
an oval. Unless the top of “L” is made full the letter will not have the width of 


— 54 - 










the other capitals. Part B is a compound curve made on the main slant of the 
writing. Part B in union with Part C forms a horizontal loop which rests on 
the base line. Part C is a compound curve which passes through the line and 
ends with an upward movement near the base line. The counts are “one,” 
“two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



Capital “P” closely resembles the form of the oval. Part A is composed 
of a downward compound stroke and an upward left curve. The compound 
curve is made on the main slant of the writing but should not be too de¬ 
cidedly curved. Part B is a continuation of Part A and ends in a horizontal 
curve which crosses the main stroke half way down on the letter. The letter 
is wider to the left than to the right of the compound stroke. The counts 
are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 45 to 55 letters a minute. 

<Z 12: 'J2 

The first stroke of Part A is a compound curve made on the main slant of 
the writing. This stroke should not be too decidedly curved. The upward 
stroke of Part A is the left side of an oval. Part B is a short right curve which 
in union with Part C forms a horizontal oval that overlaps the compound stroke 
about half way down on the letter. Part C is a right curve which ends at a 
point high enough to admit of making Part D in the position shown in the copy. 
Part D is a horizontal ending stroke which should always be joined to the letter 
that follows in writing a word. The letter is wider to the left than to the right 
of the main (compound) stroke. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four;” 
one count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 



Part A is composed of a downward compound curve made on the main 
slant of the writing and an upward left curve which follows the form of an 
oval. Part B is a right curve which in union with Part C forms a small hor¬ 
izontal loop which overlaps the main stroke at the middle of the letter. 
Part C is a slanting, compound curve which changes into an upward right 

— 55 — 












curve at the base line. The compound stroke of Part C should not be parallel 
to the main downward stroke. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one 
count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 



Part A is an upward left curve made on the main slant of the writing. 
Do not make it too deep. This stroke is the key to the correct making of the 
letter and should be made on the main slant of the writing. It may begin 
on or a little below the base line, but the end of the stroke should be well to 
the right of the beginning. Part B follows the form of an oval and rests on the 
base line. The motion of the pen is stopped at the end of Part B at a point 
high enough to admit of making Part C in the position shown. The counts are 
“one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



Part A is an upward left curve which begins on or a little below the base 
line and ends well to the right of the beginning point. This stroke is the left 
half of an oval. Part B is nearly straight and should be made on the main 
slant of the writing. Part C is a left curve which crosses Part B at or a 
little above the base line. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count 
for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



Part A is an upward right curve which begins on the base line. .Part B 
suggests a small oval and ends about two-thirds the way up on the letter. This 
stroke should cross Part A about half way down on the letter. Part C sug¬ 
gests the base of an oval and ends high at the left side so as to admit of mak¬ 
ing Part D, which is a horizontal curve. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” 
“four;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 


— 56 — 












Before presenting T or F the following exercise should be practiced with 
proper speed. 



This form is used in capitals F, and T, and in figure 7. The first stroke 
is a short slanting straight line made on the main slant of the writing. The 
next stroke is a horizontal compound curve. This curve should be well bal¬ 
anced, as much curve to the left as to the right of the middle. See the dotted 
line through the middle of the second form. The count is “one,” “two;” one 
count for each stroke. 



Part A is a short, straight, slanting stroke made on the main slant of 
the writing. Part B is a horizontal compound curve. This curve should nor 
be too decided. Part C is a compound curve which touches the base line and 
then follows the oval form to a point well up on the letter. There should 
be a full stop before making Part D, which is a horizontal curve. The counts 
are “one,” “two,” “three,” “four;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 



Part A is a short, slanting, straight line made on the main slant of the 
writing. Part B is a horizontal compound curve. Part C is slightly compound 
from the top to the base line and then it follows the base of an oval to a point 
about one-half of the height of the letter. A full stop should be made at the 
end of this stroke before making Part D. Part D is a horizontal curve and 
Part E is a short, slanting straight line. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three,” 
“four,” “five;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 



The letter part shown in this group is used in Q, X, and Z. The loop 
should be small and made well to the left of the main stroke. When used as a 
movement exercise the pen should be lifted from the paper upon completing 
the stroke. These letter parts should rest on the base line, be alike in size, 
and made an equal distance apart. From 60 to 70 strokes should be made 
in a minute. The count is “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 


— 57 — 


















This letter resembles closely the oval form. Part A is a small, slanting, 
reverse oval. Part B is a right curve which follows the form of an oval and is 
more slanting than the standard oval. In union with Part C this stroke forms 
a small horizontal loop w T hich rests on the base line. Part C is a compound 
curve which ends below and near the base line. The loop which rests 
on the base line should be made well to the left of the loop at the top of the 
letter. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



Part A is a slanting loop made with the reverse movement. Part B is a 
right curve which follows the oval form. Part B in union with the first stroke 
of Part C forms a small slanting loop w'hich rests on the base line. Part C 
is a loop formed of a downward right curve and an upward left curve which 
cross the base line. This loop is shorter than the part above the line. The 
counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 



Part A is a small slanting loop made with the reverse motion. Part B 
is a right curve which follows the form of a narrow oval. The pen should 
be lifted while in motion at the end of this stroke and the stroke should rest 
on the base line. Part C is a left curve made on the form of the oval. This 
stroke touches Part B at the middle and ends with a small loop the last 
stroke of which crosses at the base line. The counts are “one,” “two,” 
“three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 



Part A is a slanting loop made with the reverse movement. Part B is 
composed of a downward compound curve and an upward compound curve. 
The base should be round and the two compound strokes made nearly parallel 


— 58 — 











at the middle of the letter. The last stroke ends about two-thirds the height 
on the letter. The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 40 to 50 letters a minute. 



Part A is a slanting loop made with the reverse movement. Part B is 
composed of a downward compound curve and an upward right curve. The 
compound curve is made on the main slant and is nearly straight at the mid¬ 
dle. The motion is stopped at the end of Part B and Part C is made to re¬ 
trace Part B a short distance. Part C is composed of a straight downward 
stroke made on the main slant and an upward left curve. The straight stroke of 
Part C is changed into a curve at the base of the letter so as to form a well 
developed loop. The last stroke of Part C should cross the previous stroke at 
or a little above the base line. The loop below the line should be shorter 
than the body above the line. The right side of “Y” should not be as high as 
the left. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 30 to 40 letters a minute. 



Part A is a small slanting loop made with the reverse movement. Part B 
is composed of a compound downward stroke and an upward right curve. 
The compound curve is nearly straight at the middle and is made on the 
main slant of the writing. Part C is composed of a downward straight line 
and a short upward right curve. This letter touches the base line at 
two points. The counts are “one,” “two” “three;” one count for each part. 

Speed: From 35 to 45 letters a minute. 








ADVANCED COURSE. 

OUTLINE No. 6. 

(Use Pupils’ Manual No. 2 and Grading Card No. 6.) 

For description of the various capitals and small letters, see Analysis 


in index. 


1. REVIEW WORK: The two-space continuous oval and some part of the fol¬ 

lowing subject matter should be reviewed at the beginning of each writing 
lesson. Read Article No. 15, page 67. 

(a) Either of the oval exercises on page 1 of Manual No. 2. The one- 
space ovals should be practiced both with the direct and with the indirect 
motion. 

(b) The matter on pages 3 to 8. inclusive, of Manual No. 2. The sentence 
on page 8 is the “key” sentence of Manual 2. See Article No. 15, page 67. 

(c) Capital O or H. Capital O should be practiced before A, C, or E; and 
H before the remainder of the capitals in this outline. 

2. NEW MATTER: (Read Article No. 16, page 68). 

(a) That given on pages 10 to 22 of Manual No. 2. Not only the small 
letters that are illustrated separately, but any other letter or letters the 
pupils do not write well, should be given special study and practice. 

(b) The capitals given below: 

(c) The figures. Read Article No. 13, page 64. 





Illustration No. 25. 
Features to Stress. 


FEATURE No. 8; Spacing: Read Article No. 7, page 40. 

FEATURE No. 9; Top Alinement: Read Article No. 8, page 43. 

FEATURE No. 10; Sire: Read Article No. 10, page 62. 

FEATURE No. 11; Form: See Article No. 11, page 63. 

In using the Grading Card, these features and those named in Outlines 
2 and 4, should be considered. 


— 60 — 
















OUTLINE No. 7. 


(Use Pupils’ Manual No. 2 and Grading Card No. 7.) 

For description of the various and small letters, see “Analysis” in index. 

1 REVIEW WORK: The two-space continuous oval and some part of the fol¬ 
lowing matter should be reviewed at the beginning of each lesson. Read 

Article No. 15, page 67. 

(a) Either of the oval exercises on page 1 of Manual 2. The one-space 
continuous and separate ovals should be practiced both with the direct and 
with the indirect motion. 

(b) The sentence on page 8 of Manual No. 2. Read Article No. 15, page 67. 

(c) Capital O, H, or D. Capital O should be practiced before presenting 
capitals having the direct motion; H, before capitals having the indi¬ 
rect motion; and D before those beginning with a compound curve. 

NEW MATTER: (Read Article No. 16, page 68). 

(a) That on pages 10 to 42 inclusive of Manual No. 2. The aim of this 
practice should be that of correcting the glaring errors in each child's hand¬ 
writing. To this end, subject matter from any of the pages assigned may be 
selected and the letters and words not illustrated, as well as those illustrated, 
should receive special study and practice. Read Article No. 11, page 63. 

(b) All the capitals shown on page 43 of Pupils’ Manual 2. The aim of 
the practice should be that of improving the weaker capitals, but at times 
the alphabet as a whole, from A to Z, should be practiced. A rate of speed 
which will produce a smooth line, and yet not lead to poor control, is sug¬ 
gested. 

(c) All the figures shown at the top of page 48 of Manual No. 2 should 
be practiced separately and collectively. The size and arrangement shown are 
recommended. 


Features to be Reviewed. 


When necessary, Features Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 named in Outline No. 1 
and Features Nos. 7, 8, and 9 named in Outline No. 4, and Feature No. 10 
named in Outline No. 5, should be reviewed. 


61 — 


Features to Stress. 


FEATURE 8; Spacing: Read Article No. 7, page 40. 

FEATURE 9; Top Alinement: Read Article No. 8, page 43. 

FEATURE 10; Size: Read Article No. 10, below. 

FEATURE 11; Form: Read Article No. 11, page 63. 

In using the Grading Card, these features, and those named in Outlines 
2 and 4, should be considered. 

ARTICLE No. 10. REDUCTION OF SIZE. 


This feature is intended only for rooms working from Outlines No. 6 
and No. 7. 



Illustration No. 26. Illustration No. 27. 

First: Have the pupils write the “e” exercise with three, and subsequently 
with four exercises between the blue lines. 



Illustration No. 28. 

Second: Have them prepare a full page of practice paper by writing the 
exercise in the upper one-fourth of the space as above. 




Illustration No. 29. Illustration No. 30. 

Third: Have them fill the space below the “e” exercise with capitals, 
or sentences. 

Fourth: Have them write capitals or sentences in the lower two-thirds 
of the space, leaving the upper one-fourth blank. 

For pupils working from Manual No. 2, the height of the low letters of 
the sentence should be about one-fourth of a space on practice paper with 
three-eighths inch ruling. 

Another means of readily reducing the size of sentence or page writing 
is that of having the children write two lines of writing between the blue lines. 
This, however, is for temporary use only. 


— 62 — 
















ARTICLE No. 11. FORM IN THE ADVANCED STAGE. 

Good writing is that which is written with healthful posture of body and 
with the maximum of speed consistent with good form. 

In this stage correctness of form is the chief consideration. The aim 
should be to correct the weak features of each handwriting rather than to 
make the penmanship of all the children strikingly similar in style and accuracy 
to that shown in the writing manuals. 

The following features should be considered: 

1. In sentence and paragraph writing, 

a. Improvement of the individual letters, 

b. Reduction of size, 

c. Opening of the loops, 

d. Spacing, 

e. Top alinement. 

2. In capital practice, 

a. Improvement of form, 

b. Reduction of size, 

c. Correct number to the line, 

d. Good spacing, 

e. Uniform slant, 

f. Uniform height. 

Grading Card No. 7 shows a reasonable standard of writing for pupils 
who are practicing from Outline 7. 

When the pupil has reached this standard in his practice and daily writing 
he should be promoted to the Exemption class. 

The pupil who is excused from penmanship practice is expected to keep 
his daily writing up to the required standard; otherwise he should resume 
the writing practice. 


ARTICLE No. 12—THE HEADING. 

The heading consists of the pupil’s name, the name of the school, the 
grade, the number of the room, and the date. While one purpose of the head¬ 
ing is that of identifying the papers, the main purpose in the writing lesson 
is the improvement of the form of the letters and the general appearance of 
the heading for use in other lessons. 

The suggestion is given that the heading as a whole be written only 
occasionally and that the pupil’s name, and some other part receive system¬ 
atic practice for a few minutes of each lesson until improvement is shown. 


— 63 — 


Thus the pupils name written several times on the first two lines and the 
name of the school written several times on the following three or four lines 
would constitute much more effective practice than merely writing the entire 
heading once. When the several parts have received special practice, the 
heading as a whole should be written two or three times at the beginning or 
near the close of the lesson for a few days, and again the weakest parts taken 
up for practice for a week or two. 

In rooms where the pupils are working from Outlines 1 and 2 it would be 
well to omit the writing of the heading until the children have learned to 
write easy words with muscular movement. The pupil’s name will suffice to 
identify his paper. 

ARTICLE No. 13. THE TEACHING OF FIGURES. 

A practical and effective way of teaching the figures is in connection 
with the heading. Read Article No. 12. For instance, on the first day of the 
month have the children practice briefly the figure 1; on the second day, 
figure 2; and so on throughout the month. 

It is well to have two rows of figures written between the ruled lines 
as is illustrated on the last page of each of the Pupils’ Manuals. This econ¬ 
omizes space and encourages correct size. 

ANALYSIS OF THE FIGURES. 

The figures should be made a little higher than the low letters and all of 
them rest on the base line, except 7 and 9. These figures are made through the 
line. The figures are all the same in height, except 6 and 8. The slant of the 
figures should conform to that of the writing. On page 32 of Manual No. 1. 
and page 48 of Manual No. 2, the figures are grouped according to similarity of 
form. There is economy of time in practicing them in groups. 


/ . 

Figure 1 is a short slanting straight line made on the main slant. It should 
be made with a regular movement and with stopping the motion briefly at the 
end of the figure. The count is “one” for each figure. 

J2? - 2 * 

C-2 

Part A is a short slanting line. Part B is a curved stroke which 
suggests the form of a slanting oval. This stroke, in union with Part C, forms a 
horizontal loop which rests on the base line. Part C is a compound curve made 
in a horizontal position. The pen is lifted at the end of this stroke while in 
motion. This figure touches the base line at two points. The counts are “one,” 
“two,” “three;” one count for each part. 


— 64 — 





Part A is a short slanting straight line. Part B is a deep curved stroke 
made about half way down on the figure. Part C is part of a small horizontal 
■oval. This stroke should touch the base line and end well to the left of 
the.base of Part B. The counts are “one.” “two,” “three;” one count for each 
part. 



Part A is a short straight stroke made on the main slant. This stroke 
should end near the base line. Part B is a horizontal straight line about twice 
the length of Part A. Part C is curved slightly at the top and straight from the 
middle to the base line. This stroke should cross Part B at the middle. The 
counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

c 

Part A is a short straight line made on the main slant of the writing. Part 
B is part of a horizontal oval with the end of the stroke made well to the left 
of Part A. The pen should be lifted while in motion at this point. Part C is a 
horizontal straight line and should always be joined to Part A. The counts 
are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count for each part. 

6 

Figure “six” is composed of a curved downward stroke and a loop. The first 
stroke of “six” extends a little above the height of the other figures. The loop 
which rests on the base line should not be more than one-third the height of 
the first stroke. The crossing of strokes should be at the base line. The count 
is “one” for each figure. 


# S 

Part A is a short straight line made on the main slant. Part B is a short 
horizontal compound curve. The top of 7 should be made on a plane with the 
top of the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, and 0. Part C is a slanting straight line made 
on the main slant. This stroke passes through the base line and the motion of 
the pen is stopped at the end. The counts are “one,” “two,” “three;” one count 
for each part. 






9 A 

Part A is a well balanced compound curve made on the main slant. This 
stroke should rest on the base line. It will be seen that 8 and 6 are a little 
taller than the other figures. Part B is also a compound stroke almost the re¬ 
verse of Part A in form. The pen is lifted while in motion upon completing the 
figure. When both strokes are well balanced, the crossing is at the middle. 
The counts are “one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

* 

Part A is similar to the oval part of small “a.” The downward stroke of 
Part A is a well curved stroke and the upward stroke is somewhat straighter. 
The two strokes should meet at the top. Part A should rest on the base line. 
Part B is a slanting straight line made on the main slant. The motion of the 
pen is stopped at the end of this stroke. The distance Part B should retrace 
the previous stroke is shown correctly in the above model. The counts are 
“one,” “two;” one count for each part. 

0 

Figure naught is composed of a curved downward stroke and a curved up¬ 
ward stroke. These strokes are equally curved and are made on the main 
slant. The motion of the pen should be stopped upon completing the naught 
and the top should be closed as in the copy. The count is “one” for the figure. 

THE NUMBER OF FIGURES TO THE MINUTE. 

The number following each of the figures below indicates the range of 
speed allowed for figure practice: 


•110 

to 

120 

6- 

-70 

to 

80 

• 55 

to 

65 

7- 

-75 

to 

85 

■ 55 

to 

65 

8- 

-55 

to 

65 

• 65 

to 

75 

9- 

-55 

to 

65 

- 60 

to 

70 

0- 

-90 

to 

100 


ARTICLE No. 14. WORD WRITING. 

In the early stages of muscular movement development the two-space 
separate oval followed by a word should be used extensively until the chil¬ 
dren can write the word with the same position and movement and with 
about the same speed as they write the oval. In this case the oval is a 
“crutch.” Don’t take the crutch away too soon. 


— 66 — 



The step from writing the oval with “see” to the writing of “see” alone 
is an easy one, provided the child has sufficiently mastered the oval. WeaK 
word writing is usually due to an insufficient development in oval writing. 

An indication that the word has been written with correct movement is 
found in its close resemblance to the oval in smoothness of line. 

In practicing the words given in the lists on pages 5 to 12 of Manual 
No. 1, one or two different words to a lesson should be sufficient. 

Select a word containing a letter the children make poorly. First, have 
them practice the letter until it is good in form. (The letter will never be 
better in the word than it is when made separately). Then, present the 
word and have it written in columns and subsequently laterally on the line. 
The letter and words on page 43 of Manual 1 show how separate low letters 
and words should be arranged. Extended letters should be written as on 
page 17 of the same manual. 

ARTICLE No. 15. REVIEW SUBJECT MATTER. 

In each of the Outlines is given subject matter for review. This matter 
should not be reviewed as a whole, but the practice of the review word should 
precede word practice; the review capital should precede capital practice; 
and the review sentence should precede sentence practice. 

The Key Word. In Outlines 1 and 2, the word “see” is suggested for fre¬ 
quent review. At first this word should be written with the separate oval as 
on page 2, and subsequently alone as on page 3 of Manual No. 1. The direct 
aim should be that of leading the children to write this easy word with mus¬ 
cular movement as an aid to writing more difficult words with the same move¬ 
ment. The smoothness of the line is a reliable indication of correctness and 
strength of movement. Later use the “key” word with another word, alter¬ 
nating the lines of words. For instance, have the children write "see” in the 
top of the space and “our” on the base line, etc. 

The Key Capital. There are three groups of capitals, as follows: those 
which begin with the direct motion (O, A, C, and E); those which begin with 
the indirect motion (H, K, M, N, W, V, Q, Y, X, Z, I, and J); and those which 
contain a compound stroke (D, P, B, R, T, F, S, L and G). 

“O” is the key capital of the first group, “H,” of the second group, and 
“D,” of the third group. Before introducing a capital belonging to one of 
these groups, the key letter of the group should be reviewed, and subsequently 
a line of the “key” letter should be written alternately with a line of the 
capital selected for practice. The aim should be to make the new capital as 
good in quality of line and in form as the review capital. 

The Key Sentence. The “key” sentence given under “Review Matter” in 
each Outline is designed to make the children familiar with writing an easy 
sentence. 


— 67 — 


Stress should be placed first on the correct manner of writing and sub¬ 
sequently on each of the various features of form described in the Outlines. 
By writing the “key” sentence alternately with a new sentence, the children 
will gain strength of movement and improved control for the new work. 
Superior skill in the “key” sentence should be the aim of the review work. 

ARTICLE No 16 NEW MATTER FOR PRACTICE. 

In each of the Outlines the subject matter for practice is given under 
two headings, “Review Work” and “New Matter.” 

As an aid to the correct writing of the new matter, the oval and some part 
of the review matter should be practiced before introducing the new matter, 
and at times review matter may be written alternately with new matter as is 
suggested in Article No. 15. However it is not well to have the pupils practice 
both capitals and sentences in the same lesson. 

For instance, a week or two may be devoted to the practice of capitals and 
the same length of time to words or sentences. 

New subject matter should not be practiced at length if the pupils are 
using incorrect position, wrong movement and slow speed. The rate of speed 
is given on the Grading Card. 


ARTICLE No. 17. USE OF THE GRADING CARDS. 

The teacher should have a grading card for herself and one for each 
of her pupils. In ordering, designate the number of the card and the quantity 
needed. Card Nos. lb and la contain the standard group for pupils practicing 
from Outline No. 1; Card No. 2, those for pupils practicing from Outline 2; Card 
No. 3, those for pupils practicing from Outline No. 3; and Card No. 4, those 
for pupils practicing from Outline No.. 4; Card No. 5, those for pupils practicing 
from Outline No. 5; Card No. 6, those for pupils practicing from Outline No. 6 
and Card No. 7, those for pupils practicing from Outline No. 7. 

The Grading Card should be used only occasionally to determine the 
quality of the pupil’s writing. Part of the writing hour once a week or once 
in two weeks should be sufficient for the grading of specimens. 

In promoting pupils, the position, movement, slant, and speed as well as 
the form of the letters should be taken into consideration. 

The pupil should not be promoted until the several parts of the subject 
matter are approximately up to the standard shown on his grading card. 


— 68 - 


ARTICLE No. 18—COUNTING 

The three steps in teaching form with proper speed are (1) by counting 
for the separate letter parts, or calling the several letters of a word; (2) by 
giving one count for each letter or word, or by dictating the words of a sen¬ 
tence or paragraph; and (3) by permitting the pupils to work independent of 
the teacher’s counting by counting to themselves. 

THE FIRST STEP—COUNTING FOR LETTER PARTS OR CALLING 
THE LETTERS OF A WORD. The practice of separate small letters, figures 
and capitals by counting for the separate parts, and by calling of the letters 
of a word, is designed to facilitate the study of form. Before the pupils are 
asked to make a letter with a given speed they should know the form of the 
letter and have experienced the correct making of it with a moderate speed. 

In counting for the separate parts of letters and figures and in calling 
the letters of a word, the teacher should use care to encourage a speed that will 
result in a smooth line, but not so much speed as to force the children to write 
poorly. By writing the letter, figure, or word a few times herself the teacher 
will likely count correctly for it when teaching the pupils. 

THE SECOND STEP—ONE COUNT FOR THE ENTIRE LETER OR 
WORD. The aim of the counting is to teach the pupils to write well with 
the correct speed. In the work of this step the teacher counts “one” for an 
entire capital, small letter, or figure. In separate word writing and in sen¬ 
tence, and paragraph waiting, an entire word is written when the word is pro¬ 
nounced. The speed recommended for use in each small letter, capital, and 
figure, and in separate word writing, sentence and paragraphs is approxi¬ 
mately that used in the oval. 

THE THIRD STEP—INDEPENDENT PRACTICE, IN WHICH THE 
PUPIL COUNTS TO HIMSELF. There is nothing of value in having all the 
pupils write wuth absolute uniformity of speed, over having them write with 
approximate uniformity. The range of ten letters given in the analysis of 
capitals and small letters allows for variation in the speed of a room of pupils 
when they practice without the teacher’s counting. The independent practice 
explained in this step includes the practice of the various separate small 
letters, capitals and figures, and the copying from the pupils’ manuals of 
sentences and paragraphs, but the children should not be permitted to practice 
independently until their writing habits, as well as their speed are such as to 
promote rather than retard their progress. 

The counting is for the purpose of teaching the pupils the correct speed. 
When the pupils of a room work with approximate uniformity of speed, the 
teacher should permit the children to count to themselves while she assists 
them to improve the form. 


— 69 — 


Practice With Counting. 


When the pupils write from the teacher’s counting, it is understood that 
they should make the number the counting indicates. 

Independent Practice. 

When the children write without the teacher’s counting there is necessarily 
some variation in speed and any number within the range of the two numbers 
given under each letter in the analyses may be considered as correct speed. 

ARTICLE No. 19—FUNCTIONAL PRACTICE. 

There are two kinds of practice—formal and functional. Formal practice 
consists of the writing of subject matter such as is given in the writing 
manuals or the following of a prescribed course of lessons. 

Functional practice takes for its content words, phrases and sentences 
which in the life of the school as in spelling, language, arithmetic, etc., the 
child meets and uses but in which he is not skilled. 

In unit rooms where the children are far enough advanced in formal 
practice, to do functional writing correctly, a few minutes near the close 
of each writing lesson should be devoted to the writing of spelling words, 
sentences, or paragraphs from the teacher’s dictation, or to the writing of 
original short stories, or compositions. 

The direct aim of this kind of practice should be to lead the children to 
apply the principles of correct penmanship in the writing of subject matter 
which is similar to that which they use in their daily lessons. . 

The same position, movement, speed, slant, quality of line, etc., that 
characterize their practice writing should be found in their functional writing. 

In deciding upon the pupils for unit promotions, the child’s ability to meet 
the test of functional or daily writing, as well as his skill in practice writing 
should be considered. 

To encourage the use of correct habits in daily writing the following 
suggestions are given: 

1. See that the pupils are supplied with materials, for use in daily 
work, that are as good as those used in the writing lesson. Do not permit 
the use of hard or short (stub) lead pencils. The use of the pen for daily 
writing is highly recommended. 

2. Do not begin a spelling, composition or other lesson, in which writing 
is done, without reminding the pupils of the use of correct position and move¬ 
ment. 


— 70 — 


3. Do not write with careless haste and poor form on the blackboard. 
The children have every right to write carelessly if the teacher sets the 
example. Always exemplify correct manner and form before the pupils. 

4. Place questions and other written work on the front board where 
the children can read it without having to turn the body to one side. 

The use of correct habits in writing practice is the first step toward the 
use of correct writing habits in daily writing, but, as soon as the children have 
learned to write with muscular movement in the formal and functional practice 
of the writing lesson, they should be encouraged to make-rise of correct writ¬ 
ing habits in all written work throughout the day. 


ARTICLE No. 20—CONNECTIVE STROKES. 

The reason for connecting the letters of a word is to facilitate the speed. 
Strictly speaking the connective strokes are the beginning and ending strokes 
of the letters to which they belong. For example, in the word “sister” given be¬ 
low, the stroke that joins “s” and “i” is both the ending stroke of “s” and the 
beginning stroke of “i.” But to aid the teacher, the connective strokes are here 
classified as follows: 



1. The Right Curve. 

2. The Left Curve. 

3. The Slanting Compound Curve. 

4. The Horizontal Compound Curve. 

5. The Horizontal Under Curve. 

The right curve is the easiest to make and besides being used often as an 
initial and joining stroke, it is used more often than any other as an ending 
stroke of words. In the quotation on page 8 of Pupils’ Manual No. 2, this 
stroke is used fifty-seven times as an initial, connective and ending stroke. 

In the word “sister” the right curve is used once as an initial stroke, five 
times as a joining stroke, and once as an ending stroke. Words such as this 
are easier for pupils to write than those containing more difficult joining 
strokes. For this reason the word “see” is given first in Manual No. 1. In 
teaching pupils the use of muscular movement in words, it would be well at 
first to select words having the right curve connective stroke. 


— 71 — 



The word “sing” contains both the right curve connective and the com¬ 
pound connective stroke. The arrows point to the compound connective strokes. 



Horizontal Joinings are both under curves and compound curves. The 
words “over” and “brown” contain both the compound curve and the under 
curve. The connective stroke between the “o” and “v” in “over” and between 
“w” and “n” in “brown” is a horizontal compound connective stroke. The 
stroke between “v” and “e” in “over” and between “o” and “w” in “brown” 
is an under curve connective stroke. 

Horizontal joining should be made from one-third to one-half of the way 
down on the letters, depending on the character of the letters joined. 



The left curve is used to join such letters as “ga,” “ja,” “za,” “go,” “yo,” 




The most difficult joining stroke is illustrated above. This slanting com¬ 
pound connective stroke is used in joining to g, y, z, and j, the vowels e, i, u f 
and to some of the consonants. 


— 72 — 


IB 1.T 4 











INDEX 


A. 


Advanced Course. 60 

Advantages of the Unit Plan.__ 1 

Alinement, Base . 39 

Top .. 43 

Arms, Position of.26, 27 


Articles No. 1, 24; No. 2, 25, 26; No. 3, 
28, 29; No. 4, 30; No. 5, 32; No. 6, 
39; No. 7, 40; No. 8, 43; No. 9, 44; 
No. 10, 62; No. 11, 63; No. 12, 63, 
64; No. 13, 64; No. 14, 66, 67; No. 
15, 67; No. 16, 68; No. 17, 68; No. 
18. 69; No. 19, 70; No. 20, 71. 
Assignment of work to teachers... 5 

Analysis of Capitals: A, 37; B, 55; C, 
36; D, 54; E, 37; F, 57; G, 56; H, 
51; I, 56; J, 56; K, 52; L, 54; M, 
51; N, 52; O, 36; P, 55; Q, 58; R, 
55; S, 36; T, 57; U, 59; V, 58; W, 
, 52; X, 58; Y, 59; Z, 58. 

of Figures .64, 65, 66 

of Small Letters: a, 35; b, 47; c, 33; 
d, 45; e, 32; f, 48; g, 36; h, 46; i, 
35; j, 49; k, 47; I, 35; m, 34; n, 34; 
o, 34; p, 48; q, 49; r, 33; s, 33; t, 
46; u, 33; v, 45; w, 44; x, 35; y, 49; 
z, 50. 

B. 


Beginning and Ending Strokes.... 30 
Beginning Strokes: 

Horizontal .31 

Hooked . 31 

C. 

Classification of pupils under the 

Unit Plan . 5 

Counting to regulate movement. 14, 69 
Capitals, Teaching of.24, 67 

Connective Strokes . 71 

D. 

Description of Unit Plan. 3 

Drills, Movement and position, 11 to 19, 
inclusive. 

Drill 1 . 12 

Drill 2. 14 

Drill 3 . 15 


Drill 4. 15 

Drill 5 . 16 

Drill 6 ... 16, 17 

Drill 7 . 18 

Drill 8. 19 

E. 

Elementary Course . 10 

Errors in oval form and slant. 21 


Errors Nos. 1 and 2, 25; Nos. 3 and 4, 
27; No. 5, 28; Nos. 6 and 7, 29; No. 
8, 30; Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 12, 31; 
No. 13, 32; No. 14, 39; No. 15, 40; 


Nos. 16 and 17, 42; Nos. 18 and 19, 
43. 

“e” exercise .22, 62 

“e” exercise, Counting for. 23 

F. 

Functional Writing . 70 

Form: 

In Elementary Stage. 32 

In Intermediate Stage. 44 

In Advanced Stage. 63 

Figures, The teaching of.. 64 

G. 

Grading Cards.6, 7, 68 

Guide Line The use of. 1.7 

H. 

Hand Position, Features of. 18 

Harmony in beginning and ending 

strokes . 30 

Heading, The writing of. 63 

I. 

Intermediate Course: 

Lower Intermediate . 38 

Upper Intermediate . 53 

J. 

Joining strokes . T . 71 

L. 

Lefthandedness . 14 

Line, Quality of the.28, 29 


— 73 — 








































M. 


Progress Booklet 


8 


Manner of Writing, The correct, 11 
19, inclusive. 

Muscular Movement Development 

of . 

Main Slant. 

Movement, Wholearm . 

Median Line of the body. 

N. 

New Subject Matter The teaching 
of . 

O. 

Outline No. 1 . v . 

Outline No. 2 . 

Outline No. 3 . 

Outline No. 4.38, 

Outline No. 5 . 

Outline No. 6 . . 

Outline No. 7 . 

Oval: 

Continuous .. 

Separate . 

With a word .22, 

Ovals: 

Counting for . 

Spacing of .. 

Form of . 

Slant of . 

Quality of the line in. 

P. 

Position: 

of body . 

of hand . 

of paper .16, 17, 


Q. 

Quality of the Line.28, 29 

R. 

Review Work, Teaching of.9, 67 

Relaxation of writing muscles. 20 

S. 

Service Department .1, 5, 6 

Sentence Writing, Teaching of..23, 24 
Slant: 

Degree of .25, 26, 27, 28 

Varying degrees of . 28 

Uniformity of.25, 26, 27 

Spacing of letter parts, letters, 
words, and sentences . .40, 41, 42, 43 

of capitals . 41 

Speed: 

In ovals . 20 

In capitals, see “Analysis” above. 

In sentences see Grading Cards. 

In figures . 66 

Subject Matter: 

New. 68 

Review . 67 

U. 

Unit Plan, Description of. 2 

W. 

Wholearm Movement . 20 


to 

11 

17 

20 

26 

68 

10 

11 

38 

39 

53 

60 

61 

19 

21 

23 

20 

20 

20 

20 

21 

13 

18 

26 


— 74 — 
















































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This Course of Lessons Is Based on the Following 
Stages of Practice: 


1. The Elementary Stage 

Outlines 1 and 2, pages 10 and 11, are for use by teachers 
whose pupils are in need of elementary practice. Outline 1 
should be used by classes composed of Third, Fourth and 
Fifth grades, and Outline 2 by classes of grades Six, Seven 
and Eight. 

Read Article 5, p. 32. 

2. The Lower Intermediate Stage 

Outlines 3 and 4, pages 38 and 39, are for use by teachers 
whose pupils are ready to undertake easy intermediate sub¬ 
ject matter. Outline 3 is intended for classes of grades 
Three, Four and Five; and Outline 4 for classes of grades g* 

Six, Seven and Eight, 

3. The Upper Intermediate Stage 

Outline 5, page 53, represents the more difficult intermedi¬ 
ate stage of practice. This outline is for use by classes of 
grades above the Fourth. 

Read Article 9, p. 44. 

4. The Advanced Stage 

Outlines 6 and 7, pages 60 and 61, are for use by teachers 
whose pupils are prepared to do advanced work in penman¬ 
ship. Outline 6 is for use in classes of grades Six and Seven, 
and Outline 7 for classes of grades Seven and Eight. 

Read Article 11, p. 63. 














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